Population and Urbanization
✅ A) Economic growth potential from a large working-age population
B) Growth from subsidies only
C) Growth from agriculture only
D) Growth is irrelevant
Explanation: When the working-age group is larger than dependents, productivity rises.
Q2. India’s population crossed 1 billion in:
✅ A) 2000
B) 1991
C) 1981
D) 2011
Explanation: Census 2001 recorded India’s population at over 1 billion.
Q3. The first official Census in India was conducted in:
✅ A) 1872
B) 1947
C) 1951
D) 1961
Explanation: First complete Census was in 1872 under British rule.
Q4. India’s population density is highest in:
✅ A) Bihar
B) Rajasthan
C) Kerala
D) Punjab
Explanation: Bihar has the highest population density.
Q5. The crude birth rate measures:
✅ A) Number of live births per 1000 population per year
B) Deaths per 1000 population
C) Fertility rate
D) Growth rate only
Explanation: Birth rate is a key demographic indicator.
Q6. The crude death rate measures:
✅ A) Number of deaths per 1000 population per year
B) Births per 1000 population
C) Fertility rate
D) Growth rate only
Explanation: Death rate indicates mortality trends.
Q7. Fertility rate refers to:
✅ A) Average number of children born per woman
B) Births per 1000 population
C) Deaths per 1000 population
D) Growth rate only
Explanation: Fertility rate is a measure of reproductive behavior.
Q8. India’s demographic transition is currently in:
✅ A) Phase III (declining fertility, moderate growth)
B) Phase I
C) Phase II
D) Phase IV
Explanation: India is moving toward stabilization.
Q9. The dependency ratio measures:
✅ A) Ratio of dependents (0–14, 65+) to working-age population
B) Ratio of workers to GDP
C) Ratio of subsidies to growth
D) Ratio is irrelevant
Explanation: Indicates economic burden on working population.
Q10. The literacy rate in Census 2011 was:
✅ A) 74%
B) 65%
C) 80%
D) 60%
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded literacy at 74%.
Q11. The sex ratio in Census 2011 was:
✅ A) 940 females per 1000 males
B) 1000 females per 1000 males
C) 850 females per 1000 males
D) 960 females per 1000 males
Explanation: Sex ratio improved to 940 in 2011.
Q12. The working-age population in India is:
✅ A) 15–64 years
B) 0–14 years
C) 65+ years
D) 10–50 years
Explanation: Standard definition is 15–64 years.
Q13. Population explosion refers to:
✅ A) Rapid and uncontrolled population growth
B) Decline in population
C) Migration only
D) Explosion is irrelevant
Explanation: India faced population explosion post‑1950s.
Q14. The demographic dividend is expected to last until:
✅ A) 2055–2060
B) 2025
C) 2030
D) 2100
Explanation: India’s working-age advantage will last till mid‑21st century.
Q15. Infant mortality rate measures:
✅ A) Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births
B) Deaths of adults
C) Births per 1000 population
D) Fertility rate
Explanation: IMR is a key health indicator.
Q16. Maternal mortality ratio measures:
✅ A) Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
B) Infant deaths
C) Fertility rate
D) Growth rate
Explanation: MMR reflects maternal health.
Q17. Life expectancy at birth in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) Around 67 years
B) 55 years
C) 75 years
D) 80 years
Explanation: Life expectancy improved steadily.
Q18. Population density in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) 382 persons per sq km
B) 500 persons per sq km
C) 250 persons per sq km
D) 600 persons per sq km
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded 382 persons/sq km.
Q19. The state with lowest population density is:
✅ A) Arunachal Pradesh
B) Bihar
C) Kerala
D) Punjab
Explanation: Arunachal Pradesh has sparse population.
Q20. The state with highest literacy rate is:
✅ A) Kerala
B) Bihar
C) Rajasthan
D) UP
Explanation: Kerala consistently leads in literacy.
Q21. The state with lowest sex ratio is:
✅ A) Haryana
B) Kerala
C) Bihar
D) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: Haryana has historically low sex ratio.
Q22. The concept of “population stabilization” means:
✅ A) Achieving replacement level fertility
B) Reducing subsidies
C) Increasing migration
D) Stabilization is irrelevant
Explanation: Replacement fertility ensures stable population.
Q23. The replacement fertility rate is:
✅ A) Around 2.1 children per woman
B) 1.0
C) 3.0
D) 4.0
Explanation: 2.1 ensures population replacement.
Q24. India’s population policy (2000) aimed at:
✅ A) Achieving replacement fertility by 2010–2045
B) Reducing subsidies only
C) Increasing migration
D) Policy is irrelevant
Explanation: NPP 2000 set stabilization targets.
Q25. Population growth impacts:
✅ A) Employment, resources, environment
B) Subsidies only
C) Services only
D) Impact is irrelevant
Explanation: Growth affects economy and ecology.
Q26. The Census in India is conducted every:
✅ A) 10 years
B) 5 years
C) 20 years
D) 15 years
Explanation: Decennial census is standard.
Q27. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner conducts:
✅ A) Census of India
B) Elections
C) Subsidies only
D) Role is irrelevant
Explanation: Census authority is Registrar General.
Q28. The first post‑independence Census was in:
✅ A) 1951
B) 1947
C) 1961
D) 1971
Explanation: 1951 Census was first after independence.
Q29. India’s population in 2011 Census was:
✅ A) 1.21 billion
B) 1.0 billion
C) 1.5 billion
D) 900 million
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded 1.21 billion.
Q30. India is projected to surpass China’s population by:
✅ A) 2023
B) 2030
C) 2040
D) 2050
Explanation: UN projections show India overtaking China.
Q31. The term “population pyramid” shows:
✅ A) Age and sex distribution of population
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Pyramid is irrelevant
Explanation: Pyramid depicts demographic structure.
Q32. India’s median age in 2020 was:
✅ A) Around 28 years
B) 20 years
C) 35 years
D) 40 years
Explanation: India has a young population.
Q33. The working-age population share in India is:
✅ A) Around 65%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 30%
Explanation: Majority are in productive age group.
Q34. The youth bulge refers to:
✅ A) Large proportion of young people in population
B) Large proportion of elderly
C) Subsidies only
D) Bulge is irrelevant
Explanation: Youth bulge drives demographic dividend.
Q35. Population growth rate in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) 17.7% (2001–2011)
B) 25%
C) 10%
D) 5%
Explanation: Growth slowed compared to earlier decades.
Q36. The state with highest growth rate (2001–2011) was:
✅ A) Bihar
B) Kerala
C) Tamil Nadu
D) Punjab
Explanation: Bihar recorded highest growth.
Q37. The state with lowest growth rate (2001–2011) was:
✅ A) Kerala
B) Bihar
C) Rajasthan
D) UP
Explanation: Kerala had lowest growth.
Q38. Urban population share in 2011 Census was:
✅ A) 31%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 50%
Explanation: 31% of Indians lived in urban areas.
Q39. Rural population share in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) 69%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 31%
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded 69% of Indians living in rural areas.
Q40. Urban population share in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) 31%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 69%
Explanation: 31% of Indians lived in urban areas in 2011.
Q41. The decadal growth rate of population (2001–2011) was:
✅ A) 17.7%
B) 25%
C) 10%
D) 5%
Explanation: Census 2011 showed a slowdown in growth to 17.7%.
Q42. The state with highest population (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) Uttar Pradesh
B) Bihar
C) Maharashtra
D) West Bengal
Explanation: UP had over 200 million population in 2011.
Q43. The state with lowest population (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) Sikkim
B) Goa
C) Nagaland
D) Tripura
Explanation: Sikkim recorded the lowest population.
Q44. The median age of India’s population in 2020 was:
✅ A) 28 years
B) 20 years
C) 35 years
D) 40 years
Explanation: India has one of the youngest populations globally.
Q45. The youth bulge in India refers to:
✅ A) Large proportion of young people in population
B) Large proportion of elderly
C) Subsidies only
D) Bulge is irrelevant
Explanation: Youth bulge drives demographic dividend.
Q46. The dependency ratio in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) Around 54%
B) 30%
C) 70%
D) 80%
Explanation: Indicates economic burden on working population.
Q47. The fertility rate in India (2020) was:
✅ A) Around 2.2 children per woman
B) 3.0
C) 1.5
D) 4.0
Explanation: Fertility rate is close to replacement level.
Q48. The replacement fertility rate is:
✅ A) 2.1 children per woman
B) 1.0
C) 3.0
D) 4.0
Explanation: Replacement fertility ensures population stabilization.
Q49. India’s population policy (2000) aimed at:
✅ A) Achieving replacement fertility by 2010–2045
B) Reducing subsidies only
C) Increasing migration
D) Policy is irrelevant
Explanation: NPP 2000 set stabilization targets.
Q50. Infant mortality rate (IMR) in India (2011) was:
✅ A) Around 44 per 1000 live births
B) 20
C) 60
D) 80
Explanation: IMR declined steadily but remained high.
Q51. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India (2011) was:
✅ A) Around 212 per 100,000 live births
B) 100
C) 300
D) 400
Explanation: MMR reflects maternal health challenges.
Q52. Life expectancy at birth in India (2011) was:
✅ A) Around 67 years
B) 55 years
C) 75 years
D) 80 years
Explanation: Life expectancy improved steadily.
Q53. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner conducts:
✅ A) Census of India
B) Elections
C) Subsidies only
D) Role is irrelevant
Explanation: Census authority is Registrar General.
Q54. The first post‑independence Census was in:
✅ A) 1951
B) 1947
C) 1961
D) 1971
Explanation: 1951 Census was first after independence.
Q55. India’s population in 2011 Census was:
✅ A) 1.21 billion
B) 1.0 billion
C) 1.5 billion
D) 900 million
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded 1.21 billion.
Q56. India is projected to surpass China’s population by:
✅ A) 2023
B) 2030
C) 2040
D) 2050
Explanation: UN projections show India overtaking China.
Q57. Population pyramid shows:
✅ A) Age and sex distribution of population
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Pyramid is irrelevant
Explanation: Pyramid depicts demographic structure.
Q58. The working-age population share in India is:
✅ A) Around 65%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 30%
Explanation: Majority are in productive age group.
Q59. The youth bulge drives:
✅ A) Demographic dividend and economic growth
B) Decline in productivity
C) Subsidies only
D) Growth is irrelevant
Explanation: Youth bulge boosts workforce.
Q60. Population growth impacts:
✅ A) Employment, resources, environment
B) Subsidies only
C) Services only
D) Impact is irrelevant
Explanation: Growth affects economy and ecology.
Q61. The Census in India is conducted every:
✅ A) 10 years
B) 5 years
C) 20 years
D) 15 years
Explanation: India follows a decennial census system.
Q62. The first complete Census in India was conducted in:
✅ A) 1872
B) 1947
C) 1951
D) 1961
Explanation: The British initiated the first complete Census in 1872.
Q63. The first post‑independence Census was in:
✅ A) 1951
B) 1947
C) 1961
D) 1971
Explanation: 1951 Census was the first after independence.
Q64. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner is responsible for:
✅ A) Conducting Census of India
B) Conducting elections
C) Managing subsidies
D) Role is irrelevant
Explanation: Census authority lies with Registrar General.
Q65. The Census 2011 recorded India’s population as:
✅ A) 1.21 billion
B) 1.0 billion
C) 1.5 billion
D) 900 million
Explanation: India’s population was 1.21 billion in 2011.
Q66. The literacy rate in Census 2011 was:
✅ A) 74%
B) 65%
C) 80%
D) 60%
Explanation: Literacy improved to 74% in 2011.
Q67. The sex ratio in Census 2011 was:
✅ A) 940 females per 1000 males
B) 1000 females per 1000 males
C) 850 females per 1000 males
D) 960 females per 1000 males
Explanation: Sex ratio improved to 940 in 2011.
Q68. The highest literacy rate among states (2011) was in:
✅ A) Kerala
B) Bihar
C) Rajasthan
D) UP
Explanation: Kerala consistently leads in literacy.
Q69. The lowest literacy rate among states (2011) was in:
✅ A) Bihar
B) Kerala
C) Punjab
D) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: Bihar recorded the lowest literacy rate.
Q70. The highest sex ratio among states (2011) was in:
✅ A) Kerala
B) Haryana
C) Punjab
D) Rajasthan
Explanation: Kerala had the highest sex ratio.
Q71. The lowest sex ratio among states (2011) was in:
✅ A) Haryana
B) Kerala
C) Bihar
D) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: Haryana had the lowest sex ratio.
Q72. The working‑age population in India is defined as:
✅ A) 15–64 years
B) 0–14 years
C) 65+ years
D) 10–50 years
Explanation: Standard definition is 15–64 years.
Q73. The dependency ratio measures:
✅ A) Ratio of dependents (0–14, 65+) to working‑age population
B) Ratio of workers to GDP
C) Ratio of subsidies to growth
D) Ratio is irrelevant
Explanation: Indicates economic burden on working population.
Q74. The child population (0–6 years) share in 2011 was:
✅ A) Around 13%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 30%
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded child population at ~13%.
Q75. The elderly population (60+ years) share in 2011 was:
✅ A) Around 8%
B) 5%
C) 12%
D) 15%
Explanation: Elderly share was ~8% in 2011.
Q76. The Scheduled Castes population share in 2011 was:
✅ A) Around 16.6%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 25%
Explanation: SCs formed 16.6% of population.
Q77. The Scheduled Tribes population share in 2011 was:
✅ A) Around 8.6%
B) 5%
C) 12%
D) 15%
Explanation: STs formed 8.6% of population.
Q78. The literacy gap between male and female in 2011 was:
✅ A) Around 16%
B) 10%
C) 5%
D) 20%
Explanation: Male literacy was ~82%, female ~65%.
Q79. The Census 2011 recorded urban population share as:
✅ A) 31%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 50%
Explanation: 31% of Indians lived in urban areas.
Q80. The Census 2011 recorded rural population share as:
✅ A) 69%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 31%
Explanation: 69% of Indians lived in rural areas.
Q81. India launched its first family planning program in:
✅ A) 1952
B) 1961
C) 1975
D) 1980
Explanation: India was the first country to adopt a national family planning program in 1952.
Q82. The National Population Policy (NPP) was announced in:
✅ A) 2000
B) 1991
C) 1985
D) 2010
Explanation: NPP 2000 aimed at achieving replacement fertility.
Q83. The main goal of NPP 2000 was:
✅ A) Population stabilization by mid‑21st century
B) Increase fertility rate
C) Reduce literacy gap only
D) Goal is irrelevant
Explanation: NPP targeted replacement fertility (2.1).
Q84. Replacement fertility rate is defined as:
✅ A) 2.1 children per woman
B) 1.0
C) 3.0
D) 4.0
Explanation: Ensures stable population size.
Q85. Family planning program in India initially focused on:
✅ A) Contraceptive distribution and awareness
B) Liberalization
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: Early programs emphasized birth control.
Q86. The Emergency period (1975–77) is remembered for:
✅ A) Forced sterilization drives
B) Liberalization
C) Subsidies only
D) Period is irrelevant
Explanation: Coercive sterilization was a major criticism.
Q87. The contraceptive method most promoted in India is:
✅ A) Female sterilization
B) Male sterilization
C) Condoms only
D) Pills only
Explanation: Female sterilization dominates family planning.
Q88. The unmet need for contraception refers to:
✅ A) Women wanting to avoid pregnancy but not using contraception
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: Indicates gaps in family planning services.
Q89. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) reflects:
✅ A) Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
B) Infant deaths
C) Fertility rate
D) Growth rate
Explanation: MMR is a key health indicator.
Q90. Infant mortality rate (IMR) reflects:
✅ A) Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births
B) Maternal deaths
C) Fertility rate
D) Growth rate
Explanation: IMR measures child health.
Q91. The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program was launched in:
✅ A) 1997
B) 1985
C) 2000
D) 2010
Explanation: RCH integrated family planning with maternal health.
Q92. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) promotes:
✅ A) Institutional deliveries to reduce maternal mortality
B) Fertility increase
C) Subsidies only
D) Program is irrelevant
Explanation: JSY incentivizes safe childbirth.
Q93. Mission Parivar Vikas focuses on:
✅ A) High fertility districts in India
B) Urban migration only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: Targets districts with TFR > 3.
Q94. The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) measures:
✅ A) Percentage of women using contraception
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Measure is irrelevant
Explanation: CPR indicates family planning coverage.
Q95. The National Health Mission (NHM) integrates:
✅ A) Family planning, maternal and child health
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: NHM covers reproductive health.
Q96. The two‑child norm has been debated in:
✅ A) Population policy discussions
B) Agriculture policy only
C) Subsidies only
D) Debate is irrelevant
Explanation: Some states considered two‑child norm.
Q97. The demographic dividend depends on:
✅ A) Effective health, education, employment policies
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Dividend is irrelevant
Explanation: Dividend requires supportive policies.
Q98. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) provides:
✅ A) Data on fertility, mortality, health indicators
B) Agricultural data only
C) Subsidies only
D) Survey is irrelevant
Explanation: NFHS is key demographic survey.
Q99. NFHS‑5 (2019–21) showed India’s fertility rate at:
✅ A) 2.0 (below replacement level)
B) 3.0
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Explanation: Fertility declined below replacement.
Q100. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive prevalence rate at:
✅ A) Around 67%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 30%
Explanation: CPR improved significantly.
Q101. NFHS‑5 showed institutional delivery rate at:
✅ A) Around 89%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
Explanation: Institutional deliveries increased.
Q102. NFHS‑5 showed child mortality rate declining to:
✅ A) Around 32 per 1000 live births
B) 50
C) 60
D) 70
Explanation: Child mortality improved.
Q103. NFHS‑5 showed female literacy rate at:
✅ A) Around 70%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 50%
Explanation: Female literacy improved steadily.
Q104. NFHS‑5 showed anemia prevalence among women at:
✅ A) Around 57%
B) 40%
C) 30%
D) 20%
Explanation: Anemia remains a major health challenge.
Q105. NFHS‑5 showed child stunting prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 35%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 10%
Explanation: Stunting reflects malnutrition issues.
Q106. NFHS‑5 showed child wasting prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 19%
B) 10%
C) 30%
D) 25%
Explanation: Wasting indicates acute malnutrition.
Q107. NFHS‑5 showed child underweight prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 32%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 10%
Explanation: Underweight remains a concern.
Q108. NFHS‑5 showed total fertility rate below replacement in:
✅ A) Most states except Bihar, UP, MP
B) All states
C) No states
D) Only Kerala
Explanation: High fertility persists in some states.
Q109. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive use highest in:
✅ A) Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu
B) Bihar
C) UP
D) Rajasthan
Explanation: Southern states lead in family planning.
Q110. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive use lowest in:
✅ A) Bihar and UP
B) Kerala
C) Tamil Nadu
D) Punjab
Explanation: Northern states lag behind.
Q111. Population stabilization is expected by:
✅ A) 2055–2060
B) 2025
C) 2030
D) 2100
Explanation: India’s demographic transition will stabilize mid‑century.
Q112. Family planning programs aim at:
✅ A) Reducing fertility, improving health, empowering women
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Aim is irrelevant
Explanation: Family planning has multiple goals.
Q113. The unmet need for contraception in NFHS‑5 was:
✅ A) Around 9%
B) 20%
C) 15%
D) 5%
Explanation: Indicates gaps in service delivery.
Q114. The contraceptive method most common in India is:
✅ A) Female sterilization
B) Male sterilization
C) Condoms only
D) Pills only
Explanation: Female sterilization dominates.
Q115. Male sterilization prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Less than 1%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: Male participation is very low.
Q116. Condom use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 10%
B) 20%
C) 5%
D) 30%
Explanation: Condom use is limited compared to sterilization.
Q117. Pills use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: Pills are less common.
Q118. IUD use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 2%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: IUD adoption is low.
Q119. Family planning success depends on:
✅ A) Awareness, accessibility, cultural acceptance
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Success is irrelevant
Explanation: Social factors influence outcomes.
Q120. Overall, India’s population policy reflects:
✅ A) A shift from controlling numbers to improving health and quality of life
B) Focus only on subsidies
C) Focus only on agriculture
D) Policy is irrelevant
Explanation: Modern policy emphasizes reproductive health, women’s empowerment, and stabilization.
Q121. The National Population Policy 2000 set the immediate objective as:
✅ A) Meeting unmet needs for contraception, health care, and infrastructure
B) Reducing literacy gap only
C) Increasing fertility rate
D) Objective is irrelevant
Explanation: Immediate goals were service delivery improvements.
Q122. The medium‑term objective of NPP 2000 was:
✅ A) Achieving replacement fertility by 2010–2020
B) Increasing fertility rate
C) Reducing subsidies only
D) Objective is irrelevant
Explanation: Medium‑term aimed at replacement level fertility.
Q123. The long‑term objective of NPP 2000 was:
✅ A) Population stabilization by 2045
B) Fertility increase
C) Subsidies only
D) Objective is irrelevant
Explanation: Stabilization was targeted by mid‑21st century.
Q124. The National Family Welfare Program was renamed as:
✅ A) Family Welfare Program in 1977
B) Population Control Program
C) Health Subsidy Program
D) Name is irrelevant
Explanation: Renamed to emphasize welfare, not coercion.
Q125. The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program integrated:
✅ A) Family planning with maternal and child health
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Integration is irrelevant
Explanation: RCH broadened scope beyond contraception.
Q126. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) provides:
✅ A) Cash incentives for institutional deliveries
B) Fertility increase
C) Subsidies only
D) Program is irrelevant
Explanation: JSY promotes safe childbirth.
Q127. Mission Parivar Vikas targets:
✅ A) High fertility districts with TFR > 3
B) Urban migration only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: Focused on lagging districts.
Q128. The National Health Mission (NHM) covers:
✅ A) Family planning, maternal and child health, communicable diseases
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: NHM integrates health and family welfare.
Q129. NFHS surveys are conducted by:
✅ A) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
B) Planning Commission
C) RBI
D) Subsidy board
Explanation: NFHS provides demographic and health data.
Q130. NFHS‑5 (2019–21) showed India’s fertility rate at:
✅ A) 2.0 (below replacement level)
B) 3.0
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Explanation: Fertility declined below replacement.
Q131. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive prevalence rate at:
✅ A) Around 67%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 30%
Explanation: CPR improved significantly.
Q132. NFHS‑5 showed institutional delivery rate at:
✅ A) Around 89%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
Explanation: Institutional deliveries increased.
Q133. NFHS‑5 showed child mortality rate declining to:
✅ A) Around 32 per 1000 live births
B) 50
C) 60
D) 70
Explanation: Child mortality improved.
Q134. NFHS‑5 showed female literacy rate at:
✅ A) Around 70%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 50%
Explanation: Female literacy improved steadily.
Q135. NFHS‑5 showed anemia prevalence among women at:
✅ A) Around 57%
B) 40%
C) 30%
D) 20%
Explanation: Anemia remains a major health challenge.
Q136. NFHS‑5 showed child stunting prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 35%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 10%
Explanation: Stunting reflects malnutrition issues.
Q137. NFHS‑5 showed child wasting prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 19%
B) 10%
C) 30%
D) 25%
Explanation: Wasting indicates acute malnutrition.
Q138. NFHS‑5 showed child underweight prevalence at:
✅ A) Around 32%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 10%
Explanation: Underweight remains a concern.
Q139. NFHS‑5 showed total fertility rate below replacement in:
✅ A) Most states except Bihar, UP, MP
B) All states
C) No states
D) Only Kerala
Explanation: High fertility persists in some states.
Q140. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive use highest in:
✅ A) Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu
B) Bihar
C) UP
D) Rajasthan
Explanation: Southern states lead in family planning.
Q141. NFHS‑5 showed contraceptive use lowest in:
✅ A) Bihar and UP
B) Kerala
C) Tamil Nadu
D) Punjab
Explanation: Northern states lag behind.
Q142. Population stabilization is expected by:
✅ A) 2055–2060
B) 2025
C) 2030
D) 2100
Explanation: India’s demographic transition will stabilize mid‑century.
Q143. Family planning programs aim at:
✅ A) Reducing fertility, improving health, empowering women
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Aim is irrelevant
Explanation: Family planning has multiple goals.
Q144. The unmet need for contraception in NFHS‑5 was:
✅ A) Around 9%
B) 20%
C) 15%
D) 5%
Explanation: Indicates gaps in service delivery.
Q145. The contraceptive method most common in India is:
✅ A) Female sterilization
B) Male sterilization
C) Condoms only
D) Pills only
Explanation: Female sterilization dominates.
Q146. Male sterilization prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Less than 1%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: Male participation is very low.
Q147. Condom use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 10%
B) 20%
C) 5%
D) 30%
Explanation: Condom use is limited compared to sterilization.
Q148. Pills use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: Pills are less common.
Q149. IUD use prevalence in India is:
✅ A) Around 2%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Explanation: IUD adoption is low.
Q150. Family planning success depends on:
✅ A) Awareness, accessibility, cultural acceptance
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Success is irrelevant
Explanation: Social factors influence outcomes.
Q151. Migration refers to:
✅ A) Movement of people from one place to another
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: Migration includes rural–urban, interstate, and international movement.
Q152. Rural–urban migration in India is driven by:
✅ A) Employment opportunities in cities
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Driver is irrelevant
Explanation: Cities attract rural workers for jobs.
Q153. Push factors in migration include:
✅ A) Poverty, unemployment, lack of services in rural areas
B) Urban employment opportunities
C) Fertility rate only
D) Factors are irrelevant
Explanation: Push factors drive people away from origin.
Q154. Pull factors in migration include:
✅ A) Better jobs, education, healthcare in cities
B) Poverty in rural areas
C) Fertility rate only
D) Factors are irrelevant
Explanation: Pull factors attract migrants to destinations.
Q155. Seasonal migration is common among:
✅ A) Agricultural laborers and construction workers
B) Urban professionals only
C) Fertility rate only
D) Migration is irrelevant
Explanation: Seasonal migration occurs for temporary work.
Q156. Interstate migration in India is highest from:
✅ A) Bihar and UP to Maharashtra, Delhi
B) Kerala to Tamil Nadu
C) Punjab to Haryana
D) Migration is irrelevant
Explanation: Bihar and UP supply large migrant labor.
Q157. Urbanization refers to:
✅ A) Increase in proportion of population living in urban areas
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: Urbanization is measured by urban population share.
Q158. India’s urban population share in 2011 was:
✅ A) 31%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 50%
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded 31% urban population.
Q159. Rural population share in 2011 was:
✅ A) 69%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 31%
Explanation: Majority lived in rural areas.
Q160. The largest urban agglomeration in India (2011) was:
✅ A) Greater Mumbai
B) Delhi
C) Kolkata
D) Chennai
Explanation: Mumbai was largest urban agglomeration.
Q161. The fastest growing urban agglomeration (2011) was:
✅ A) Delhi
B) Mumbai
C) Kolkata
D) Chennai
Explanation: Delhi grew fastest in 2001–2011.
Q162. Megacities are defined as:
✅ A) Cities with population over 10 million
B) Cities with population over 1 million
C) Cities with population over 5 million
D) Definition is irrelevant
Explanation: UN defines megacities as >10 million.
Q163. India had how many megacities in 2011?
✅ A) 3 (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata)
B) 5
C) 10
D) 2
Explanation: Census 2011 identified 3 megacities.
Q164. Urbanization is highest in:
✅ A) Delhi and Chandigarh
B) Bihar
C) UP
D) Assam
Explanation: Delhi and Chandigarh have >90% urban population.
Q165. Urbanization is lowest in:
✅ A) Himachal Pradesh and Bihar
B) Delhi
C) Kerala
D) Punjab
Explanation: These states have low urban shares.
Q166. Migration contributes to:
✅ A) Urban growth, labor supply, remittances
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Contribution is irrelevant
Explanation: Migration drives urbanization.
Q167. Census defines urban areas based on:
✅ A) Population >5000, density >400/sq km, 75% male workers in non‑agriculture
B) Population >1000 only
C) Fertility rate only
D) Definition is irrelevant
Explanation: Census criteria classify urban settlements.
Q168. Urban agglomeration refers to:
✅ A) Continuous urban spread including city and adjoining towns
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: UA includes core city and suburbs.
Q169. Metropolitan cities are defined as:
✅ A) Cities with population over 1 million
B) Cities with population over 10 million
C) Fertility rate only
D) Definition is irrelevant
Explanation: Metros are >1 million population.
Q170. India had how many metropolitan cities in 2011?
✅ A) 53
B) 20
C) 10
D) 100
Explanation: Census 2011 identified 53 metros.
Q171. Urbanization challenges include:
✅ A) Slums, congestion, pollution, unemployment
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Urban growth creates multiple issues.
Q172. Slum population in India (2011) was:
✅ A) Around 65 million
B) 20 million
C) 100 million
D) 10 million
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded ~65 million slum dwellers.
Q173. Largest slum in India is:
✅ A) Dharavi in Mumbai
B) Seemapuri in Delhi
C) Kolkata slums
D) Chennai slums
Explanation: Dharavi is Asia’s largest slum.
Q174. Migration impacts rural areas by:
✅ A) Reducing labor supply, increasing remittances
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Impact is irrelevant
Explanation: Migration changes rural economy.
Q175. Migration impacts urban areas by:
✅ A) Increasing population, pressure on infrastructure
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Impact is irrelevant
Explanation: Migrants strain urban services.
Q176. Circular migration refers to:
✅ A) Repeated movement between origin and destination
B) Permanent migration only
C) Fertility rate only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: Circular migration is common among workers.
Q177. International migration from India is highest to:
✅ A) Gulf countries
B) USA
C) UK
D) Australia
Explanation: Gulf attracts Indian labor migrants.
Q178. Remittances from migrants contribute to:
✅ A) Foreign exchange reserves and rural incomes
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Contribution is irrelevant
Explanation: Remittances are vital for economy.
Q179. India is the world’s largest recipient of:
✅ A) Remittances
B) Fertility rate
C) Subsidies
D) Title is irrelevant
Explanation: India receives highest remittances globally.
Q180. Urbanization rate in India is projected to reach:
✅ A) Around 40% by 2030
B) 50% by 2020
C) 60% by 2050
D) 70% by 2030
Explanation: UN projects ~40% urban by 2030.
Q181. Smart Cities Mission was launched in:
✅ A) 2015
B) 2010
C) 2000
D) 2020
Explanation: Mission aims at modern urban infrastructure.
Q182. AMRUT scheme focuses on:
✅ A) Urban water supply, sewerage, green spaces
B) Agriculture only
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: AMRUT improves basic urban services.
Q183. PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana) aims at:
✅ A) Affordable housing for all by 2022
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Aim is irrelevant
Explanation: PMAY targets housing for urban poor.
Q184. HRIDAY scheme focuses on:
✅ A) Heritage city development and conservation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: HRIDAY preserves heritage cities.
Q185. Urban transport challenges include:
✅ A) Congestion, pollution, inadequate public transport
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Transport is a major urban issue.
Q186. Urban poverty is measured by:
✅ A) Percentage of urban population below poverty line
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Measure is irrelevant
Explanation: Poverty persists in cities.
Q187. Urban unemployment is measured by:
✅ A) Percentage of urban labor force without jobs
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Measure is irrelevant
Explanation: Unemployment is a key challenge.
Q188. Urban pollution includes:
✅ A) Air, water, noise, solid waste
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Pollution is irrelevant
Explanation: Pollution affects urban health.
Q189. Urban sanitation challenges include:
✅ A) Lack of toilets, waste disposal, drainage
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Sanitation is critical for urban health.
Q190. Overall, migration and urbanization in India reflect:
✅ A) Structural transformation of economy and society
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reflection is irrelevant
Explanation: Migration and urbanization show India’s shift from agrarian to industrial/service economy.
Q191. The Census 2011 defined slum households as:
✅ A) Poorly built, congested, unhygienic settlements with inadequate infrastructure
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Definition is irrelevant
Explanation: Slums are identified by poor housing and lack of services.
Q192. The largest share of migrants in India are:
✅ A) Women migrating for marriage
B) Men migrating for jobs
C) Children migrating for education
D) Elderly migrating for health
Explanation: Census shows marriage is the biggest reason for migration.
Q193. Urban primacy refers to:
✅ A) Dominance of one city in urban system
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Term is irrelevant
Explanation: Example: Mumbai dominates Maharashtra’s urban system.
Q194. The concept of “urban sprawl” refers to:
✅ A) Unplanned expansion of cities into rural areas
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Concept is irrelevant
Explanation: Sprawl leads to congestion and environmental issues.
Q195. The informal sector in urban areas provides:
✅ A) Employment to majority of migrants in low‑income jobs
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Sector is irrelevant
Explanation: Informal sector absorbs migrant labor.
Q196. The Census 2011 recorded migration rate in India at:
✅ A) Around 37% of population
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 10%
Explanation: Over one‑third of Indians are migrants.
Q197. Circular migration is common among:
✅ A) Construction and seasonal agricultural workers
B) Urban professionals only
C) Fertility rate only
D) Migration is irrelevant
Explanation: Workers move repeatedly between origin and destination.
Q198. International migration from Kerala is mainly to:
✅ A) Gulf countries
B) USA
C) UK
D) Australia
Explanation: Gulf migration dominates Kerala’s diaspora.
Q199. Remittances from migrants contribute to:
✅ A) Rural development and foreign exchange reserves
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Contribution is irrelevant
Explanation: Remittances are vital for households and economy.
Q200. India is the world’s largest recipient of:
✅ A) Remittances
B) Fertility rate
C) Subsidies
D) Title is irrelevant
Explanation: India consistently tops global remittance inflows.
Q201. Major challenges of urbanization in India include:
✅ A) Slums, congestion, unemployment, pollution
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Rapid urban growth creates multiple socio‑economic issues.
Q202. Slum population in India (2011 Census) was:
✅ A) Around 65 million
B) 20 million
C) 100 million
D) 10 million
Explanation: Census 2011 recorded ~65 million slum dwellers.
Q203. The largest slum in India is:
✅ A) Dharavi in Mumbai
B) Seemapuri in Delhi
C) Kolkata slums
D) Chennai slums
Explanation: Dharavi is Asia’s largest slum.
Q204. Urban poverty is measured by:
✅ A) Percentage of urban population below poverty line
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Measure is irrelevant
Explanation: Poverty persists in cities despite growth.
Q205. Urban unemployment is measured by:
✅ A) Percentage of urban labor force without jobs
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Measure is irrelevant
Explanation: Unemployment is a key urban challenge.
Q206. Urban transport challenges include:
✅ A) Congestion, pollution, inadequate public transport
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Transport is a major urban issue.
Q207. Urban pollution includes:
✅ A) Air, water, noise, solid waste
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Pollution is irrelevant
Explanation: Pollution affects urban health.
Q208. Urban sanitation challenges include:
✅ A) Lack of toilets, waste disposal, drainage
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Sanitation is critical for urban health.
Q209. Water scarcity in cities is caused by:
✅ A) Overpopulation, poor infrastructure, pollution
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Cause is irrelevant
Explanation: Urban water supply is under stress.
Q210. Solid waste management in cities faces:
✅ A) Collection, segregation, disposal problems
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Problem is irrelevant
Explanation: Waste management is inadequate in many cities.
Q211. Urban housing shortage is addressed by:
✅ A) PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana)
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Program is irrelevant
Explanation: PMAY targets affordable housing.
Q212. Smart Cities Mission aims at:
✅ A) Modern infrastructure, ICT, sustainability
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: Smart Cities modernize urban governance.
Q213. AMRUT scheme focuses on:
✅ A) Urban water supply, sewerage, green spaces
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: AMRUT improves basic urban services.
Q214. HRIDAY scheme focuses on:
✅ A) Heritage city development and conservation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: HRIDAY preserves heritage cities.
Q215. Urban poverty alleviation programs include:
✅ A) SJSRY, NULM (livelihood missions)
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Programs are irrelevant
Explanation: Programs target urban poor employment.
Q216. NULM stands for:
✅ A) National Urban Livelihoods Mission
B) National Urban Literacy Mission
C) National Urban Law Mission
D) Name is irrelevant
Explanation: NULM provides skill training and jobs.
Q217. Urban health challenges include:
✅ A) Overcrowding, pollution, inadequate hospitals
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Health infrastructure lags behind demand.
Q218. Urban education challenges include:
✅ A) Overcrowded schools, inequality, dropouts
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Education gaps persist in cities.
Q219. Urban crime challenges include:
✅ A) Theft, violence, drug abuse, insecurity
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Crime rates rise with urban stress.
Q220. Urban governance challenges include:
✅ A) Weak municipal finances, poor planning, corruption
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Governance capacity is limited.
Q221. Urban climate challenges include:
✅ A) Heat islands, floods, pollution
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Challenges are irrelevant
Explanation: Climate change worsens urban risks.
Q222. Urban resilience requires:
✅ A) Disaster preparedness, infrastructure, community participation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Requirement is irrelevant
Explanation: Resilience reduces disaster impacts.
Q223. Urban inequality is reflected in:
✅ A) Slums vs gated communities, income gaps
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reflection is irrelevant
Explanation: Inequality is stark in cities.
Q224. Urban informal sector provides:
✅ A) Employment to majority of migrants in low‑income jobs
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Sector is irrelevant
Explanation: Informal sector absorbs migrant labor.
Q225. Urban planning failures include:
✅ A) Unplanned growth, poor infrastructure, weak enforcement
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Failures are irrelevant
Explanation: Planning often fails to anticipate growth.
Q226. Urban transport reforms include:
✅ A) Metro rail, BRTS, electric vehicles
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms modernize urban transport.
Q227. Urban housing reforms include:
✅ A) Affordable housing schemes, slum redevelopment
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Housing reforms target shortages.
Q228. Urban waste management reforms include:
✅ A) Segregation, recycling, waste‑to‑energy plants
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms improve waste disposal.
Q229. Urban water reforms include:
✅ A) Rainwater harvesting, recycling, efficient supply
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms address scarcity.
Q230. Overall, challenges of urbanization in India reflect:
✅ A) Rapid growth outpacing infrastructure and governance capacity
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reflection is irrelevant
Explanation: Urbanization creates opportunities but strains resources.
Q231. Urban reforms in India emphasize:
✅ A) Decentralization, e‑governance, infrastructure improvement
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms modernize governance and service delivery.
Q232. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in:
✅ A) 2005
B) 2010
C) 2000
D) 2015
Explanation: JNNURM aimed at infrastructure and governance reforms.
Q233. Smart Cities Mission focuses on:
✅ A) ICT, sustainability, modern infrastructure
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Mission is irrelevant
Explanation: Smart Cities integrate technology with urban planning.
Q234. AMRUT scheme stands for:
✅ A) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
B) Agricultural Mission for Rural Transformation
C) Subsidy Mission
D) Name is irrelevant
Explanation: AMRUT improves water supply and sewerage.
Q235. PMAY (Urban) aims at:
✅ A) Housing for all by 2022
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Aim is irrelevant
Explanation: PMAY provides affordable housing.
Q236. HRIDAY scheme focuses on:
✅ A) Heritage City Development and Conservation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Focus is irrelevant
Explanation: HRIDAY preserves heritage cities.
Q237. Urban e‑governance reforms include:
✅ A) Online services, transparency, citizen participation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: E‑governance improves accountability.
Q238. Urban transport reforms include:
✅ A) Metro rail, BRTS, electric vehicles
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Transport reforms modernize mobility.
Q239. Urban housing reforms include:
✅ A) Slum redevelopment, affordable housing schemes
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Housing reforms target shortages.
Q240. Urban waste management reforms include:
✅ A) Segregation, recycling, waste‑to‑energy plants
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms improve waste disposal.
Q241. Urban water reforms include:
✅ A) Rainwater harvesting, recycling, efficient supply
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Reforms address scarcity.
Q242. Sustainable urban development goals (SDGs) emphasize:
✅ A) Inclusive, safe, resilient, sustainable cities
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Goals are irrelevant
Explanation: SDG 11 focuses on sustainable cities.
Q243. International example of successful urban planning is:
✅ A) Singapore’s integrated transport and housing policies
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Example is irrelevant
Explanation: Singapore is a model of urban efficiency.
Q244. Curitiba (Brazil) is famous for:
✅ A) Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Example is irrelevant
Explanation: Curitiba pioneered BRTS.
Q245. Tokyo’s urban planning emphasizes:
✅ A) Disaster resilience and efficient transport
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Planning is irrelevant
Explanation: Tokyo integrates resilience into planning.
Q246. New York City’s urban reforms emphasize:
✅ A) Affordable housing, sustainability, public transport
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: NYC focuses on inclusive growth.
Q247. London’s urban planning emphasizes:
✅ A) Green spaces, transport, heritage conservation
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Planning is irrelevant
Explanation: London balances modernity and heritage.
Q248. Paris urban reforms emphasize:
✅ A) Public transport, pedestrianization, sustainability
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Reforms are irrelevant
Explanation: Paris promotes eco‑friendly planning.
Q249. Global urbanization trends show:
✅ A) Over 55% of world population lives in cities
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Trends are irrelevant
Explanation: UN reports majority urban population globally.
Q250. Overall, urban reforms and global comparisons show:
✅ A) India must integrate sustainability, inclusivity, and innovation in urban planning
B) Fertility rate only
C) Subsidies only
D) Conclusion is irrelevant
Explanation: Lessons from global models guide India’s urban future.
Post a Comment
Post a Comment