Judiciary
This Judiciary 250 MCQ master set provides comprehensive coverage of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts, along with landmark judgments, judicial review, activism, independence, accountability, PILs, tribunals, and reforms. Each question is paired with detailed answers and explanations to ensure exam authenticity and conceptual clarity. Designed for UPSC, SSC, PSC, and other competitive exams, this set strengthens understanding of the judiciary’s constitutional role and prepares aspirants for high‑level polity questions with precision and depth.
A) Article 124
B) Article 125
C) Article 126
D) Article 127
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court.
Q2. High Courts in states provided under:
A) Article 214
B) Article 215
C) Article 216
D) Article 217
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 214 provides for High Courts.
Q3. Subordinate courts covered under:
A) Articles 233–237
B) Articles 240–245
C) Articles 250–255
D) Articles 260–265
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Articles 233–237 deal with subordinate courts.
Q4. Supreme Court is:
A) Apex judicial body
B) Lower court
C) Tribunal
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC is the apex court of India.
Q5. High Court is:
A) Highest court in a state
B) Apex court of India
C) Tribunal
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC is highest court in a state.
Q6. Subordinate courts include:
A) District courts
B) Sessions courts
C) Magistrate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts include all these.
Q7. Supreme Court composition:
A) Chief Justice + other judges
B) Governor + judges
C) President + judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC consists of CJI and other judges.
Q8. High Court composition:
A) Chief Justice + other judges
B) Governor + judges
C) President + judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC consists of CJ and other judges.
Q9. Subordinate courts controlled by:
A) High Court
B) Supreme Court
C) Governor
D) President
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC controls subordinate courts.
Q10. Supreme Court judges appointed by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) PM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC judges appointed by President.
Q11. High Court judges appointed by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC judges appointed by President.
Q12. Subordinate court judges appointed by:
A) Governor in consultation with HC
B) President
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Governor appoints subordinate judges with HC consultation.
Q13. Supreme Court jurisdiction includes:
A) Original
B) Appellate
C) Advisory
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: SC has all these jurisdictions.
Q14. High Court jurisdiction includes:
A) Original
B) Appellate
C) Writ jurisdiction
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC has wide jurisdiction.
Q15. Subordinate courts jurisdiction:
A) Civil cases
B) Criminal cases
C) Family cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts handle all these.
Q16. Supreme Court is guardian of:
A) Constitution
B) Parliament
C) President
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC is guardian of Constitution.
Q17. High Court is guardian of:
A) Constitution in state
B) Parliament
C) President
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC safeguards Constitution in state.
Q18. Subordinate courts are guardians of:
A) Law and justice at district level
B) Constitution
C) Parliament
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Subordinate courts ensure justice locally.
Q19. Supreme Court’s seat:
A) New Delhi
B) Mumbai
C) Kolkata
D) Chennai
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC located in New Delhi.
Q20. High Court’s seat:
A) State capital (generally)
B) New Delhi
C) Mumbai
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC usually in state capital.
Q21. Subordinate courts’ seat:
A) District headquarters
B) State capital
C) New Delhi
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Subordinate courts at district HQ.
Q22. Supreme Court’s minimum judges:
A) 1 CJI + 7 judges (initially)
B) 1 CJI + 10 judges
C) 1 CJI + 12 judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Initially SC had CJI + 7 judges.
Q23. High Court’s minimum judges:
A) 1 CJ + other judges as needed
B) 1 CJ + 7 judges
C) 1 CJ + 10 judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC composition flexible.
Q24. Subordinate courts’ judges:
A) District judges, magistrates
B) Governor
C) President
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Subordinate courts staffed by district judges, magistrates.
Q25. Supreme Court’s independence ensured by:
A) Fixed tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by tenure, salaries, removal process.
Q26. Supreme Court composition initially:
A) CJI + 7 judges
B) CJI + 10 judges
C) CJI + 12 judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC started with CJI + 7 judges in 1950.
Q27. Present sanctioned strength of Supreme Court:
A) 34 judges including CJI
B) 31 judges including CJI
C) 25 judges including CJI
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC strength is 34 judges including CJI.
Q28. Supreme Court judges appointed by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) PM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: President appoints SC judges.
Q29. Appointment of SC judges based on:
A) Collegium system
B) Governor’s recommendation
C) PM’s advice
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Collegium system guides appointments.
Q30. Collegium system includes:
A) CJI + 4 senior-most judges
B) CJI + 2 judges
C) CJI + Governor
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Collegium = CJI + 4 senior-most judges.
Q31. Qualifications for SC judge:
A) Citizen of India
B) 5 years HC judge or 10 years advocate
C) Distinguished jurist
D) Any of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All these qualify a person for SC judge.
Q32. Tenure of SC judge:
A) Till 65 years of age
B) Till 62 years of age
C) Till 60 years of age
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC judge retires at 65.
Q33. Removal of SC judge requires:
A) Impeachment by Parliament
B) Governor’s order
C) President’s order alone
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Removal only by impeachment.
Q34. Grounds for removal of SC judge:
A) Proven misbehavior
B) Incapacity
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Removal for misbehavior or incapacity.
Q35. Removal process of SC judge:
A) Special majority in both Houses
B) Simple majority
C) Governor’s order
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Requires special majority in Parliament.
Q36. Salaries of SC judges charged on:
A) Consolidated Fund of India
B) Contingency Fund
C) Governor’s fund
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund.
Q37. Independence of SC judges ensured by:
A) Fixed tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by multiple safeguards.
Q38. Acting Chief Justice of India appointed by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) PM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: President appoints acting CJI.
Q39. Ad hoc SC judges appointed under:
A) Article 127
B) Article 128
C) Article 129
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 127 allows ad hoc judges.
Q40. Retired SC judges can sit in SC under:
A) Article 128
B) Article 129
C) Article 130
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 128 allows retired judges.
Q41. SC judge oath administered by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) PM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: President administers oath.
Q42. SC judge removal motion introduced in:
A) Either House of Parliament
B) Only Lok Sabha
C) Only Rajya Sabha
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Motion can be introduced in either House.
Q43. SC judge removal requires:
A) Special majority in both Houses
B) Simple majority
C) Governor’s order
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Removal requires special majority.
Q44. SC judge resignation submitted to:
A) President
B) Governor
C) PM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Judge resigns to President.
Q45. SC judge tenure ends at:
A) 65 years
B) 62 years
C) 60 years
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC judge retires at 65.
Q46. SC judge removal process involves:
A) Inquiry committee
B) Motion in Parliament
C) Special majority
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Removal involves inquiry + Parliament motion.
Q47. SC judge independence ensured by:
A) Security of tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by safeguards.
Q48. SC judge appointment process clarified by:
A) Three Judges Cases
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Three Judges Cases clarified collegium.
Q49. SC judge appointment system criticized for:
A) Lack of transparency
B) Collegium dominance
C) No accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Collegium criticized for opacity.
Q50. SC judge appointment reforms suggested by:
A) NJAC (struck down)
B) Law Commission
C) Various committees
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: NJAC and commissions suggested reforms.
Q51. Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction covers:
A) Disputes between Union & States
B) Disputes between States
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: SC has original jurisdiction in Union–State and inter‑State disputes.
Q52. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction includes:
A) Civil cases
B) Criminal cases
C) Constitutional cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: SC hears appeals in civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.
Q53. Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction under:
A) Article 143
B) Article 144
C) Article 145
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 143 empowers President to seek SC’s advice.
Q54. Supreme Court’s writ jurisdiction under:
A) Article 32
B) Article 226
C) Article 227
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC enforces fundamental rights via Article 32.
Q55. Supreme Court’s writs include:
A) Habeas corpus
B) Mandamus
C) Certiorari
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: SC issues all constitutional writs.
Q56. Supreme Court’s special leave jurisdiction under:
A) Article 136
B) Article 137
C) Article 138
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 136 grants SC special leave jurisdiction.
Q57. Supreme Court’s power of judicial review ensures:
A) Constitutionality of laws
B) Protection of fundamental rights
C) Balance of power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judicial review safeguards Constitution.
Q58. Supreme Court’s power to review its own judgments under:
A) Article 137
B) Article 138
C) Article 139
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 137 allows SC to review its judgments.
Q59. Supreme Court’s power to transfer cases under:
A) Article 139A
B) Article 140
C) Article 141
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 139A empowers SC to transfer cases.
Q60. Supreme Court’s power to declare law binding under:
A) Article 141
B) Article 142
C) Article 143
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 141 makes SC’s law binding.
Q61. Supreme Court’s power to do complete justice under:
A) Article 142
B) Article 143
C) Article 144
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 142 empowers SC to do complete justice.
Q62. Supreme Court’s power to enforce decrees under:
A) Article 144
B) Article 145
C) Article 146
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 144 obliges authorities to act in aid of SC.
Q63. Supreme Court’s rules made under:
A) Article 145
B) Article 146
C) Article 147
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 145 empowers SC to frame rules.
Q64. Supreme Court’s staff salaries charged on:
A) Consolidated Fund of India
B) Contingency Fund
C) Governor’s fund
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund.
Q65. Supreme Court’s jurisdiction expanded by:
A) Parliament
B) President
C) Governor
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Parliament can enlarge SC jurisdiction.
Q66. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction in constitutional matters:
A) Appeals from HC
B) Appeals from tribunals
C) Appeals from subordinate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Appeals from HC in constitutional cases.
Q67. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction in civil matters:
A) Appeals from HC
B) Appeals from tribunals
C) Appeals from subordinate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Appeals from HC in civil cases.
Q68. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction in criminal matters:
A) Appeals from HC
B) Appeals from tribunals
C) Appeals from subordinate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Appeals from HC in criminal cases.
Q69. Supreme Court’s advisory opinion:
A) Not binding
B) Binding
C) Mandatory
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Advisory opinion is not binding.
Q70. Supreme Court’s writ jurisdiction compared to HC:
A) Wider
B) Equal
C) Narrower
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC’s writ jurisdiction wider under Article 32.
Q71. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction compared to HC:
A) Wider
B) Equal
C) Narrower
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC’s appellate jurisdiction wider.
Q72. Supreme Court’s law declared binding on:
A) All courts in India
B) Only HCs
C) Only subordinate courts
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC’s law binding on all courts.
Q73. Supreme Court’s power to do complete justice unique because:
A) Cannot be exercised by HC
B) Ensures fairness
C) Overrides technicalities
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Article 142 unique to SC.
Q74. Supreme Court’s jurisdiction described as:
A) Original, appellate, advisory, writ, special leave
B) Only appellate
C) Only advisory
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC has multiple jurisdictions.
Q75. Supreme Court’s role in democracy:
A) Guardian of Constitution
B) Protector of fundamental rights
C) Final interpreter of law
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: SC is cornerstone of Indian democracy.
Q76. High Courts provided under:
A) Article 214
B) Article 215
C) Article 216
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 214 establishes High Courts in states.
Q77. High Court composition:
A) Chief Justice + other judges
B) Governor + judges
C) President + judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC consists of CJ and other judges.
Q78. High Court judges appointed by:
A) President
B) Governor
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC judges appointed by President.
Q79. HC judge qualifications:
A) Citizen of India
B) 10 years advocate or 5 years judicial office
C) Distinguished jurist
D) Any of the above
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: Must be citizen + 10 years advocate or 5 years judicial office.
Q80. HC judge tenure:
A) Till 62 years
B) Till 65 years
C) Till 60 years
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC judge retires at 62.
Q81. HC judge removal:
A) Same process as SC judge
B) Governor’s order
C) CM’s advice
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Removal same as SC judge — impeachment.
Q82. HC judge resignation submitted to:
A) President
B) Governor
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC judge resigns to President.
Q83. HC jurisdiction includes:
A) Original
B) Appellate
C) Writ jurisdiction
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC has wide jurisdiction.
Q84. HC writ jurisdiction under:
A) Article 226
B) Article 227
C) Article 228
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 226 empowers HC to issue writs.
Q85. HC supervisory jurisdiction under:
A) Article 227
B) Article 228
C) Article 229
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 227 gives HC supervisory jurisdiction.
Q86. HC jurisdiction in constitutional matters under:
A) Article 228
B) Article 229
C) Article 230
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 228 gives HC jurisdiction in constitutional cases.
Q87. HC’s law declared binding on:
A) Subordinate courts in state
B) All courts in India
C) Only SC
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC’s law binding on subordinate courts in state.
Q88. HC’s power to issue writs compared to SC:
A) Wider (for any purpose)
B) Narrower
C) Equal
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC can issue writs for any purpose, SC only for FRs.
Q89. HC’s original jurisdiction includes:
A) Election petitions
B) Revenue matters
C) Civil cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC has original jurisdiction in these.
Q90. HC’s appellate jurisdiction includes:
A) Appeals from subordinate courts
B) Appeals from tribunals
C) Appeals from special courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC hears appeals from multiple sources.
Q91. HC’s control over subordinate courts under:
A) Article 235
B) Article 236
C) Article 237
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 235 gives HC control over subordinate courts.
Q92. HC’s power to transfer cases under:
A) Article 228
B) Article 229
C) Article 230
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC can transfer constitutional cases to SC.
Q93. HC’s power to frame rules under:
A) Article 225
B) Article 229
C) Article 230
D) None
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: Article 229 empowers HC to frame rules.
Q94. HC’s staff salaries charged on:
A) Consolidated Fund of State
B) Consolidated Fund of India
C) Contingency Fund
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC staff salaries charged on Consolidated Fund of State.
Q95. HC’s jurisdiction expanded by:
A) Parliament
B) State Legislature
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both Parliament and State Legislature can expand HC jurisdiction.
Q96. HC’s writ jurisdiction compared to SC:
A) Wider (any purpose)
B) Equal
C) Narrower
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC’s writ jurisdiction wider.
Q97. HC’s supervisory jurisdiction ensures:
A) Control over subordinate courts
B) Ensures justice
C) Maintains discipline
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Supervisory jurisdiction ensures control and justice.
Q98. HC’s role in democracy:
A) Safeguards Constitution in state
B) Controls subordinate courts
C) Ensures justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC is cornerstone of state judiciary.
Q99. HC’s jurisdiction described as:
A) Original, appellate, writ, supervisory
B) Only appellate
C) Only writ
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC has multiple jurisdictions.
Q100. HC’s role in Indian polity summarized as:
A) Highest court in state
B) Guardian of Constitution in state
C) Controls subordinate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: HC is supreme in state judiciary.
Q101. Subordinate courts provided under:
A) Articles 233–237
B) Articles 240–245
C) Articles 250–255
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Articles 233–237 deal with subordinate courts.
Q102. District judges appointed by:
A) Governor in consultation with HC
B) President
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Governor appoints district judges with HC consultation.
Q103. Control over subordinate courts vested in:
A) High Court
B) Supreme Court
C) Governor
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC exercises control over subordinate courts.
Q104. Article 233 deals with:
A) Appointment of district judges
B) Appointment of HC judges
C) Appointment of SC judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 233 covers appointment of district judges.
Q105. Article 234 deals with:
A) Recruitment of persons other than district judges
B) Appointment of SC judges
C) Appointment of HC judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 234 covers recruitment of other judicial officers.
Q106. Article 235 deals with:
A) Control of HC over subordinate courts
B) Appointment of SC judges
C) Appointment of HC judges
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 235 gives HC control over subordinate courts.
Q107. Article 236 defines:
A) District judge
B) HC judge
C) SC judge
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 236 defines district judge.
Q108. Article 237 applies provisions to:
A) Magistrates
B) Tribunals
C) Panchayats
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 237 applies provisions to magistrates.
Q109. Subordinate courts include:
A) District courts
B) Sessions courts
C) Magistrate courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts include all these.
Q110. District judge qualifications:
A) Citizen of India
B) Advocate of 7 years standing
C) Recommended by HC
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All conditions required for district judge.
Q111. Subordinate courts jurisdiction includes:
A) Civil cases
B) Criminal cases
C) Family cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts handle all these.
Q112. District courts presided over by:
A) District judge
B) Governor
C) President
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: District judge heads district court.
Q113. Sessions courts deal with:
A) Criminal cases
B) Civil cases
C) Family cases
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Sessions courts handle criminal cases.
Q114. Magistrate courts deal with:
A) Minor criminal cases
B) Civil cases
C) Family cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Magistrate courts handle minor cases.
Q115. Family courts deal with:
A) Matrimonial disputes
B) Custody cases
C) Maintenance cases
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Family courts handle family disputes.
Q116. Subordinate courts controlled by:
A) High Court
B) Supreme Court
C) Governor
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC controls subordinate courts.
Q117. District judge appointed by:
A) Governor in consultation with HC
B) President
C) CM
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Governor appoints district judge with HC consultation.
Q118. Subordinate courts’ independence ensured by:
A) HC control
B) Fixed tenure
C) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund of State
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by safeguards.
Q119. Subordinate courts’ role in democracy:
A) Ensures justice at local level
B) Safeguards rule of law
C) Provides access to justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts vital for democracy.
Q120. Subordinate courts’ jurisdiction compared to HC:
A) Narrower
B) Equal
C) Wider
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Subordinate courts have narrower jurisdiction.
Q121. Subordinate courts’ control vested in HC under:
A) Article 235
B) Article 236
C) Article 237
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 235 gives HC control.
Q122. Subordinate courts’ recruitment under:
A) Article 234
B) Article 235
C) Article 236
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 234 covers recruitment.
Q123. Subordinate courts’ definition of district judge under:
A) Article 236
B) Article 237
C) Article 238
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 236 defines district judge.
Q124. Subordinate courts’ provisions applied to magistrates under:
A) Article 237
B) Article 238
C) Article 239
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 237 applies provisions to magistrates.
Q125. Subordinate courts’ role in Indian polity summarized as:
A) Grassroots justice system
B) Controlled by HC
C) Ensures rule of law
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Subordinate courts are foundation of judiciary.
Q126. Judicial review in India derived from:
A) Constitution
B) US Constitution model
C) Case laws
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judicial review rooted in Constitution, inspired by US, upheld by case laws.
Q127. Judicial review ensures:
A) Constitutionality of laws
B) Protection of fundamental rights
C) Balance of power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judicial review safeguards Constitution and rights.
Q128. Judicial review power of SC under:
A) Articles 32 & 136
B) Articles 137 & 141
C) Articles 142 & 144
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC exercises judicial review via Articles 32 & 136.
Q129. Judicial review power of HC under:
A) Article 226
B) Article 227
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: HC exercises judicial review via Articles 226 & 227.
Q130. Judicial activism means:
A) Judiciary actively interprets Constitution
B) Judiciary expands rights
C) Judiciary intervenes in governance
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judicial activism expands scope of rights and governance.
Q131. Judicial activism in India popularized by:
A) Public Interest Litigations (PILs)
B) Judicial review
C) Case laws
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: PILs popularized judicial activism.
Q132. Judicial activism criticized for:
A) Encroaching on legislature/executive
B) Judicial overreach
C) Lack of accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Activism criticized for overreach.
Q133. Judicial independence ensured by:
A) Security of tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by safeguards.
Q134. Judicial accountability ensured by:
A) Impeachment process
B) Judicial standards
C) Transparency
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability ensured by multiple mechanisms.
Q135. Judicial independence vs accountability balance:
A) Essential for democracy
B) Ensures rule of law
C) Prevents misuse of power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Balance vital for democracy.
Q136. Judicial review upheld in:
A) Kesavananda Bharati case
B) Golaknath case
C) Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain case
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judicial review upheld in landmark cases.
Q137. Judicial activism examples include:
A) Right to education
B) Right to clean environment
C) Right to privacy
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Activism expanded rights.
Q138. Judicial independence threatened by:
A) Political interference
B) Lack of transparency
C) Executive pressure
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Threats undermine independence.
Q139. Judicial accountability strengthened by:
A) Judicial reforms
B) Transparency in appointments
C) Code of conduct
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability strengthened by reforms.
Q140. Judicial review described as:
A) Basic feature of Constitution
B) Optional
C) Non-essential
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Judicial review is basic feature.
Q141. Judicial activism described as:
A) Dynamic interpretation of Constitution
B) Expansion of rights
C) Intervention in governance
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Activism expands scope of judiciary.
Q142. Judicial independence described as:
A) Freedom from political interference
B) Security of tenure
C) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by safeguards.
Q143. Judicial accountability described as:
A) Responsibility to people
B) Transparency
C) Standards of conduct
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability ensures trust.
Q144. Judicial review compared to activism:
A) Review checks constitutionality
B) Activism expands rights
C) Both essential
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Review and activism complement each other.
Q145. Judicial independence vs accountability debate:
A) Independence essential
B) Accountability essential
C) Balance required
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Balance ensures effective judiciary.
Q146. Judicial review cases include:
A) Kesavananda Bharati
B) Golaknath
C) Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All landmark cases upheld review.
Q147. Judicial activism cases include:
A) Right to education
B) Right to clean environment
C) Right to privacy
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Activism expanded rights.
Q148. Judicial independence cases include:
A) Judges Transfer case
B) NJAC case
C) Second Judges case
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Cases upheld independence.
Q149. Judicial accountability reforms include:
A) Judicial Standards Bill
B) Transparency in collegium
C) Code of conduct
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms strengthen accountability.
Q150. Judicial review, activism, independence, accountability summarized as:
A) Essential pillars of judiciary
B) Safeguard democracy
C) Protect rights
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: These are pillars of Indian judiciary.
Q151. Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) established:
A) Basic structure doctrine
B) Judicial review abolished
C) Parliament supremacy absolute
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case established basic structure doctrine.
Q152. Golaknath case (1967) held:
A) Parliament cannot amend FRs
B) Parliament can amend FRs
C) SC cannot review amendments
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Golaknath restricted Parliament’s power over FRs.
Q153. Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain case (1975) upheld:
A) Judicial review of election disputes
B) Parliament supremacy absolute
C) SC cannot review elections
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case upheld judicial review of elections.
Q154. Minerva Mills case (1980) held:
A) Balance between FRs & DPSPs
B) Parliament unlimited power
C) SC cannot review amendments
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case emphasized balance between FRs & DPSPs.
Q155. S.R. Bommai case (1994) held:
A) Judicial review of President’s rule
B) Parliament supremacy absolute
C) SC cannot review President’s rule
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case upheld judicial review of President’s rule.
Q156. Keshavananda Bharati case significance:
A) Limited Parliament’s amending power
B) Upheld judicial review
C) Established basic structure
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case landmark for judiciary.
Q157. Golaknath case significance:
A) Restricted Parliament’s amending power
B) Upheld FRs
C) Strengthened judiciary
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case strengthened judiciary.
Q158. Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain case significance:
A) Upheld judicial review
B) Strengthened democracy
C) Limited executive power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case landmark for democracy.
Q159. Minerva Mills case significance:
A) Balanced FRs & DPSPs
B) Limited Parliament’s power
C) Upheld basic structure
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case reinforced basic structure.
Q160. S.R. Bommai case significance:
A) Judicial review of President’s rule
B) Strengthened federalism
C) Limited executive power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case landmark for federalism.
Q161. Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan case (1997) established:
A) Guidelines against sexual harassment
B) Judicial review abolished
C) Parliament supremacy absolute
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case established Vishaka guidelines.
Q162. Right to Privacy upheld in:
A) Puttaswamy case (2017)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Puttaswamy case upheld privacy as FR.
Q163. Right to Education upheld in:
A) Unnikrishnan case (1993)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case upheld right to education.
Q164. Right to Clean Environment upheld in:
A) MC Mehta cases
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: MC Mehta cases upheld environmental rights.
Q165. Judicial review of constitutional amendments upheld in:
A) Kesavananda Bharati case
B) Minerva Mills case
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both cases upheld judicial review.
Q166. Judicial activism through PILs popularized in:
A) 1980s
B) 1970s
C) 1990s
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: PILs popularized activism in 1980s.
Q167. PILs allowed by SC under:
A) Expanded interpretation of Article 32
B) Article 226
C) Article 227
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC allowed PILs under Article 32.
Q168. PILs significance:
A) Expanded access to justice
B) Strengthened democracy
C) Protected rights
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs expanded judiciary’s role.
Q169. Landmark case on secularism:
A) S.R. Bommai case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: S.R. Bommai case upheld secularism.
Q170. Landmark case on judicial independence:
A) Second Judges case (1993)
B) NJAC case (2015)
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both cases upheld independence.
Q171. Landmark case on collegium system:
A) Second Judges case (1993)
B) Third Judges case (1998)
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both cases clarified collegium.
Q172. Landmark case on NJAC:
A) NJAC case (2015)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: NJAC case struck down NJAC Act.
Q173. Landmark case on basic structure:
A) Kesavananda Bharati case
B) Minerva Mills case
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both upheld basic structure.
Q174. Landmark case on right to privacy:
A) Puttaswamy case (2017)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Puttaswamy case landmark for privacy.
Q175. Landmark case on right to education:
A) Unnikrishnan case (1993)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Unnikrishnan case landmark for education.
Q176. SC vs HC in writ jurisdiction:
A) SC only for FRs, HC for any purpose
B) Both equal
C) HC narrower
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC enforces FRs under Art. 32, HC wider under Art. 226.
Q177. SC vs HC in appellate jurisdiction:
A) SC wider
B) HC narrower
C) Both equal
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC has wider appellate jurisdiction.
Q178. SC vs HC in original jurisdiction:
A) SC in Union–State disputes
B) HC in state matters
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: SC original jurisdiction national, HC state‑level.
Q179. SC vs HC in supervisory jurisdiction:
A) HC controls subordinate courts
B) SC controls HCs
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC has supervisory jurisdiction over subordinate courts.
Q180. SC vs HC in law declared binding:
A) SC binding on all courts
B) HC binding on subordinate courts in state
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: SC law binding nationally, HC binding in state.
Q181. PILs allowed under:
A) Article 32 (SC)
B) Article 226 (HC)
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: PILs allowed under both SC & HC.
Q182. PILs significance:
A) Expanded access to justice
B) Strengthened democracy
C) Protected rights
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs expanded judiciary’s role.
Q183. PILs criticized for:
A) Judicial overreach
B) Frivolous petitions
C) Delay in justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs criticized for misuse.
Q184. Tribunals established under:
A) Articles 323A & 323B
B) Articles 324 & 325
C) Articles 326 & 327
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Tribunals covered under Articles 323A & 323B.
Q185. Administrative tribunals under:
A) Article 323A
B) Article 323B
C) Article 324
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 323A covers administrative tribunals.
Q186. Other tribunals under:
A) Article 323B
B) Article 323A
C) Article 324
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 323B covers other tribunals.
Q187. Tribunals significance:
A) Speedy justice
B) Specialized expertise
C) Reduce burden on courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Tribunals provide speedy, specialized justice.
Q188. Tribunals criticized for:
A) Lack of independence
B) Executive control
C) Limited powers
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Tribunals criticized for executive dominance.
Q189. SC vs HC in PILs:
A) SC national, HC state‑level
B) Both equal
C) HC wider
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC PILs national, HC PILs state‑level.
Q190. SC vs HC in tribunals:
A) SC hears appeals from tribunals
B) HC supervises tribunals in state
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: SC appellate, HC supervisory.
Q191. SC vs HC in independence:
A) SC stronger safeguards
B) HC similar safeguards
C) Both independent
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Both SC & HC independent.
Q192. SC vs HC in accountability:
A) Both accountable via impeachment
B) SC judges retire at 65, HC at 62
C) Both subject to transparency reforms
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability mechanisms apply to both.
Q193. SC vs HC in democracy:
A) SC guardian of Constitution nationally
B) HC guardian of Constitution in state
C) Both essential
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Both SC & HC vital for democracy.
Q194. PILs expanded rights like:
A) Right to education
B) Right to clean environment
C) Right to privacy
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs expanded rights.
Q195. PILs role in democracy:
A) Empowered citizens
B) Strengthened accountability
C) Expanded access to justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs strengthened democracy.
Q196. Tribunals role in democracy:
A) Speedy justice
B) Specialized expertise
C) Reduce burden on courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Tribunals vital for justice delivery.
Q197. Tribunals independence ensured by:
A) Judicial members
B) Fixed tenure
C) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Independence ensured by safeguards.
Q198. Tribunals accountability ensured by:
A) Appeals to SC/HC
B) Transparency
C) Standards of conduct
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability ensured by appeals & transparency.
Q199. SC vs HC summarized as:
A) SC national apex court
B) HC state apex court
C) Both essential pillars
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: SC & HC together form judiciary.
Q200. PILs & Tribunals summarized as:
A) Expanded access to justice
B) Specialized speedy justice
C) Strengthened democracy
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: PILs & tribunals vital for modern judiciary.
Q201. Law Commission of India recommends:
A) Judicial reforms
B) Legal reforms
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Law Commission suggests both judicial and legal reforms.
Q202. Judicial reforms aim at:
A) Speedy justice
B) Transparency
C) Accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms aim to improve justice delivery.
Q203. Judicial reforms needed due to:
A) Delay in justice
B) Case backlog
C) Lack of transparency
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms address systemic issues.
Q204. Judicial reforms include:
A) Fast track courts
B) E‑courts
C) Alternative dispute resolution
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms include multiple measures.
Q205. Judicial reforms debated because:
A) Independence vs accountability
B) Transparency vs efficiency
C) Balance of power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms debated for balance.
Q206. Judicial reforms commissions include:
A) Law Commission
B) Sarkaria Commission
C) Punchhi Commission
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Commissions suggested reforms.
Q207. Sarkaria Commission recommended:
A) Strengthening judiciary
B) Improving federal relations
C) Judicial accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Commission emphasized judiciary’s role.
Q208. Punchhi Commission recommended:
A) Judicial reforms
B) Federal reforms
C) Accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Punchhi Commission suggested reforms.
Q209. Judicial reforms through technology include:
A) E‑courts
B) Online filing
C) Video conferencing
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Technology improves judiciary.
Q210. Judicial reforms through ADR include:
A) Arbitration
B) Mediation
C) Conciliation
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: ADR reduces burden on courts.
Q211. Judicial reforms through Lok Adalats include:
A) Speedy justice
B) Low cost
C) Accessible justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Lok Adalats provide speedy justice.
Q212. Judicial reforms through Gram Nyayalayas include:
A) Justice at village level
B) Speedy justice
C) Accessible justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Gram Nyayalayas decentralize justice.
Q213. Judicial reforms through tribunals include:
A) Specialized justice
B) Speedy justice
C) Reduce burden on courts
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Tribunals improve efficiency.
Q214. Judicial reforms through case management include:
A) Reduce backlog
B) Improve efficiency
C) Speedy justice
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Case management reforms vital.
Q215. Judicial reforms through appointment transparency include:
A) Collegium reforms
B) NJAC proposals
C) Public accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Transparency improves judiciary.
Q216. Judicial reforms through accountability include:
A) Judicial Standards Bill
B) Code of conduct
C) Transparency
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability reforms strengthen trust.
Q217. Judicial reforms through independence safeguards include:
A) Security of tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Safeguards ensure independence.
Q218. Judicial reforms debated in NJAC case because:
A) Transparency vs independence
B) Collegium vs NJAC
C) Accountability vs autonomy
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: NJAC case debated reforms.
Q219. Judicial reforms through training include:
A) Judicial academies
B) Continuous education
C) Skill development
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Training improves judiciary.
Q220. Judicial reforms through infrastructure include:
A) Court buildings
B) Technology
C) Staff strength
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Infrastructure vital for judiciary.
Q221. Judicial reforms through legal aid include:
A) Free legal services
B) Accessible justice
C) Empowering poor
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Legal aid reforms strengthen democracy.
Q222. Judicial reforms through case disposal targets include:
A) Reduce backlog
B) Speedy justice
C) Improve efficiency
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Disposal targets improve judiciary.
Q223. Judicial reforms through commissions summarized as:
A) Sarkaria Commission
B) Punchhi Commission
C) Law Commission
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Commissions emphasized reforms.
Q224. Judicial reforms through debates summarized as:
A) Independence vs accountability
B) Transparency vs efficiency
C) Balance of power
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Debates highlight judiciary’s role.
Q225. Judicial reforms summarized as:
A) Speedy justice
B) Transparency
C) Accountability
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Reforms aim to strengthen judiciary.
Q226. Assertion (A): Judicial review is a basic feature of the Constitution.
Reason (R): Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution including FRs.
A) A true, R false
B) A false, R true
C) Both true, R correct explanation
D) Both true, R not explanation
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Judicial review is basic feature; Parliament’s power limited.
Q227. Assertion (A): SC can issue writs under Article 32.
Reason (R): HC cannot issue writs under Article 226.
A) A true, R false
B) A false, R true
C) Both true, R correct explanation
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SC issues writs under Art. 32; HC also under Art. 226.
Q228. Assertion (A): HC’s writ jurisdiction wider than SC.
Reason (R): HC can issue writs for any purpose.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC’s writ jurisdiction wider.
Q229. Assertion (A): Judicial activism expanded rights.
Reason (R): PILs allowed citizens direct access to courts.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: PILs expanded rights via activism.
Q230. Assertion (A): SC’s advisory opinion binding.
Reason (R): President must follow SC’s advice.
A) A true, R false
B) A false, R true
C) Both true, R correct explanation
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Advisory opinion not binding.
Q231. Assertion (A): Judicial independence ensured by fixed tenure.
Reason (R): Judges removable only by impeachment.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Tenure + impeachment ensure independence.
Q232. Assertion (A): SC law binding on all courts.
Reason (R): Article 141 declares SC law binding.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 141 makes SC law binding.
Q233. Assertion (A): HC controls subordinate courts.
Reason (R): Article 235 vests control in HC.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: HC controls subordinate courts under Art. 235.
Q234. Assertion (A): Judicial review upheld in Kesavananda Bharati case.
Reason (R): Case established basic structure doctrine.
A) Both true, R correct explanation
B) Both true, R not explanation
C) A true, R false
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Case landmark for judicial review.
Q235. Assertion (A): Judicial accountability ensured by impeachment.
Reason (R): Judges removable by simple majority.
A) A true, R false
B) A false, R true
C) Both true, R correct explanation
D) Both false
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Removal requires special majority, not simple.
Q236. Analytical: Which safeguard ensures judicial independence most?
A) Security of tenure
B) Salaries charged on Consolidated Fund
C) Removal only by impeachment
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All safeguards ensure independence.
Q237. Analytical: Which case upheld judicial review of President’s rule?
A) S.R. Bommai case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: S.R. Bommai upheld review of President’s rule.
Q238. Analytical: Which case upheld right to privacy?
A) Puttaswamy case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Puttaswamy case landmark for privacy.
Q239. Analytical: Which case upheld right to education?
A) Unnikrishnan case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Unnikrishnan case landmark for education.
Q240. Analytical: Which case upheld right to clean environment?
A) MC Mehta cases
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: MC Mehta cases landmark for environment.
Q241. Analytical: Which case upheld balance between FRs & DPSPs?
A) Minerva Mills case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Minerva Mills emphasized balance.
Q242. Analytical: Which case upheld secularism?
A) S.R. Bommai case
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: S.R. Bommai upheld secularism.
Q243. Analytical: Which case upheld collegium system?
A) Second Judges case
B) Third Judges case
C) Both
D) None
✅ Correct: C
Explanation: Both cases clarified collegium.
Q244. Analytical: Which case struck down NJAC Act?
A) NJAC case (2015)
B) Kesavananda Bharati case
C) Golaknath case
D) None
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: NJAC case struck down NJAC Act.
Q245. Analytical: Which case upheld judicial independence?
A) Judges Transfer case
B) NJAC case
C) Second Judges case
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All cases upheld independence.
Q246. Analytical: Which safeguard ensures judicial accountability?
A) Impeachment process
B) Judicial Standards Bill
C) Transparency in appointments
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Accountability ensured by reforms.
Q247. Analytical: Which reform improves judiciary efficiency most?
A) Fast track courts
B) E‑courts
C) ADR
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All reforms improve efficiency.
Q248. Analytical: Which reform improves access to justice most?
A) Legal aid
B) Lok Adalats
C) Gram Nyayalayas
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: All reforms improve access.
Q249. Analytical: Judiciary’s role in democracy summarized as:
A) Guardian of Constitution
B) Protector of rights
C) Final interpreter of law
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judiciary cornerstone of democracy.
Q250. Analytical: Judiciary’s role in Indian polity summarized as:
A) Apex judicial body
B) Independent & accountable
C) Expands rights via activism
D) All of the above
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Judiciary supreme in Indian polity.
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