Directive Principles of State Policy
Explore 200 MCQs on Directive Principles of State Policy. Covers Articles 36–51, case laws, implementation, criticisms, and exam relevance.
A) Part III
B) Part IV
C) Part V
D) Part IV‑A
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: DPSPs are in Part IV, Articles 36–51.
Q2. DPSPs are inspired by:
A) Irish Constitution
B) USA Constitution
C) USSR Constitution
D) UK Constitution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Borrowed from Ireland.
Q3. DPSPs are:
A) Justiciable
B) Non‑justiciable
C) Absolute rights
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: They are non‑justiciable guidelines.
Q4. Socialist principles aim at:
A) Social and economic justice
B) Political democracy
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principles ensure social/economic justice.
Q5. Gandhian principles aim at:
A) Village panchayats, cottage industries, prohibition
B) Judicial review
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principles reflect Gandhi’s vision.
Q6. Liberal‑Intellectual principles aim at:
A) Individual liberty, uniform civil code, international peace
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principles emphasize liberty and peace.
Q7. DPSPs are classified into:
A) Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal‑Intellectual
B) Fundamental Rights, Duties, DPSPs
C) Rights, Duties, Powers
D) Judicial, Executive, Legislative
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Three broad categories.
Q8. Socialist principles include:
A) Equal pay for equal work
B) Cottage industries
C) Uniform civil code
D) International peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle ensures equality.
Q9. Gandhian principles include:
A) Organization of village panchayats
B) Equal pay for equal work
C) Uniform civil code
D) International peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Reflect Gandhi’s rural vision.
Q10. Liberal‑Intellectual principles include:
A) Uniform civil code
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principle ensures uniform civil code.
Q11. Socialist principles are aimed at:
A) Establishing welfare state
B) Establishing monarchy
C) Establishing dictatorship
D) Establishing judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principles promote welfare state.
Q12. Gandhian principles are aimed at:
A) Decentralization and self‑reliance
B) Centralization of power
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Presidential supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principles promote decentralization.
Q13. Liberal‑Intellectual principles are aimed at:
A) Individual liberty and international peace
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principles emphasize liberty.
Q14. DPSPs are enforceable by:
A) Moral obligation, not legal sanction
B) Courts directly
C) President directly
D) Governors directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs are moral guidelines.
Q15. DPSPs were criticized because:
A) Non‑justiciable nature
B) Too many
C) Too absolute
D) Too enforceable
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Criticized for non‑justiciability.
Q16. DPSPs were praised because:
A) Promote social and economic justice
B) Promote monarchy
C) Promote dictatorship
D) Promote judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Praised for justice orientation.
Q17. Socialist principles include:
A) Right to work, education, public assistance
B) Panchayati Raj
C) Cottage industries
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principles ensure welfare.
Q18. Gandhian principles include:
A) Promotion of cottage industries
B) Uniform civil code
C) International peace
D) Equal pay for equal work
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Cottage industries reflect Gandhi’s vision.
Q19. Liberal‑Intellectual principles include:
A) Promotion of international peace and security
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principles emphasize peace.
Q20. Socialist principles include:
A) Equal justice and free legal aid
B) Panchayati Raj
C) Cottage industries
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle ensures justice.
Q21. Gandhian principles include:
A) Promotion of cooperative societies
B) Uniform civil code
C) International peace
D) Equal pay for equal work
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Cooperative societies reflect Gandhian vision.
Q22. Liberal‑Intellectual principles include:
A) Separation of judiciary from executive
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principle ensures separation of powers.
Q23. Socialist principles include:
A) Prevention of concentration of wealth
B) Panchayati Raj
C) Cottage industries
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle ensures equality.
Q24. Gandhian principles include:
A) Promotion of prohibition of intoxicating drinks
B) Uniform civil code
C) International peace
D) Equal pay for equal work
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Reflect Gandhi’s moral vision.
Q25. Liberal‑Intellectual principles include:
A) Promotion of international law and respect for treaties
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal principle emphasizes international cooperation.
Q26. Article 36 defines:
A) Directive Principles
B) State
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Duties
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: Article 36 defines “State” for DPSPs.
Q27. Article 37 states:
A) DPSPs are non‑justiciable but fundamental in governance
B) DPSPs are enforceable by courts
C) DPSPs are absolute rights
D) DPSPs are judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs guide governance, not enforceable.
Q28. Article 38 directs State to:
A) Promote welfare of people
B) Establish Panchayati Raj
C) Provide free legal aid
D) Promote international peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 38 ensures welfare state.
Q29. Article 39 directs State to:
A) Secure adequate livelihood, prevent concentration of wealth
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote international peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 39 ensures economic justice.
Q30. Article 39A directs State to:
A) Provide free legal aid
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Added by 42nd Amendment.
Q31. Article 40 directs State to:
A) Organize village panchayats
B) Provide free legal aid
C) Promote cottage industries
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q32. Article 41 directs State to:
A) Right to work, education, public assistance
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q33. Article 42 directs State to:
A) Just and humane conditions of work, maternity relief
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q34. Article 43 directs State to:
A) Living wage, decent standard of life, cottage industries
B) Promote international peace
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q35. Article 43A directs State to:
A) Participation of workers in management of industries
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Added by 42nd Amendment.
Q36. Article 44 directs State to:
A) Uniform civil code
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q37. Article 45 originally directed State to:
A) Provide free and compulsory education up to 14 years
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Now modified by 86th Amendment.
Q38. Article 46 directs State to:
A) Promote educational and economic interests of SCs/STs
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q39. Article 47 directs State to:
A) Raise level of nutrition, standard of living, public health, prohibition of intoxicating drinks
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote international peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q40. Article 48 directs State to:
A) Organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern lines, prohibit cow slaughter
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q41. Article 48A directs State to:
A) Protect and improve environment, safeguard forests and wildlife
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Added by 42nd Amendment.
Q42. Article 49 directs State to:
A) Protect monuments of national importance
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q43. Article 50 directs State to:
A) Separate judiciary from executive
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q44. Article 51 directs State to:
A) Promote international peace, respect international law, foster relations
B) Promote cottage industries
C) Establish Panchayati Raj
D) Promote prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q45. DPSPs in Article 39 emphasize:
A) Economic justice and prevention of wealth concentration
B) Panchayati Raj
C) Cottage industries
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q46. DPSPs in Article 40 emphasize:
A) Village panchayats
B) Cottage industries
C) International peace
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q47. DPSPs in Article 44 emphasize:
A) Uniform civil code
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q48. DPSPs in Article 47 emphasize:
A) Nutrition, health, prohibition of intoxicating drinks
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) International peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q49. DPSPs in Article 48 emphasize:
A) Agriculture, animal husbandry, cow protection
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) International peace
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q50. DPSPs in Article 48A emphasize:
A) Environment protection
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q51. DPSPs in Article 49 emphasize:
A) Protection of monuments
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q52. DPSPs in Article 50 emphasize:
A) Separation of judiciary from executive
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q53. DPSPs in Article 51 emphasize:
A) International peace and security
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q54. DPSPs in Article 39A emphasize:
A) Free legal aid
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q55. DPSPs in Article 43A emphasize:
A) Workers’ participation in management
B) Cottage industries
C) Panchayati Raj
D) Prohibition
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q56. DPSPs were borrowed from:
A) Irish Constitution
B) USA Constitution
C) USSR Constitution
D) UK Constitution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Inspired by Ireland’s Directive Principles.
Q57. DPSPs were included in the Constitution on recommendation of:
A) Constituent Assembly
B) Swaran Singh Committee
C) Ranganath Mishra Committee
D) Sarkaria Commission
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Constituent Assembly debates led to inclusion.
Q58. DPSPs were debated in Constituent Assembly as:
A) Instruments of instructions
B) Fundamental Rights
C) Fundamental Duties
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Seen as “instruments of instructions” to State.
Q59. DPSPs were criticized in Constituent Assembly for:
A) Non‑justiciability
B) Excessive detail
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Non‑justiciability was main criticism.
Q60. DPSPs were praised for:
A) Social and economic justice orientation
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Praised for welfare state vision.
Q61. DPSPs were described by B.N. Rau as:
A) Instruments of instructions
B) Judicial remedies
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Borrowed concept from Government of India Act, 1935.
Q62. DPSPs were influenced by:
A) Government of India Act, 1935
B) USA Bill of Rights
C) USSR Constitution
D) French Revolution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: GOI Act had “instruments of instructions.”
Q63. DPSPs were debated by Ambedkar as:
A) Novel features of Constitution
B) Judicial remedies
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Ambedkar called them novel features.
Q64. DPSPs were criticized by K.T. Shah as:
A) “Pious wishes”
B) “Absolute rights”
C) “Judicial remedies”
D) “Fundamental duties”
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Called “pious wishes” due to non‑enforceability.
Q65. DPSPs were defended by Ambedkar as:
A) “Instruments of instruction to legislature”
B) “Judicial remedies”
C) “Fundamental Rights”
D) “Fundamental Duties”
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Ambedkar defended them as guiding principles.
Q66. DPSPs were inspired by Irish Constitution which itself was influenced by:
A) Spanish Constitution
B) USA Constitution
C) USSR Constitution
D) French Constitution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Irish DPSPs influenced by Spanish model.
Q67. DPSPs were included to promote:
A) Social and economic democracy
B) Political democracy only
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Presidential supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs ensure social/economic democracy.
Q68. DPSPs were debated as necessary to balance:
A) Fundamental Rights with socio‑economic goals
B) Judicial supremacy with executive power
C) Presidential powers with parliamentary powers
D) Monarchy with democracy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs balance FRs with socio‑economic justice.
Q69. DPSPs were described by Granville Austin as:
A) “Conscience of the Constitution”
B) “Judicial remedies”
C) “Fundamental Rights”
D) “Fundamental Duties”
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Austin called DPSPs the conscience of Constitution.
Q70. DPSPs were included in Constitution to establish:
A) Welfare state
B) Monarchy
C) Dictatorship
D) Judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs aim at welfare state.
Q71. DPSPs aim at social and economic democracy, while Fundamental Rights aim at:
A) Political democracy
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential supremacy
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: FRs ensure political democracy.
Q72. DPSPs and Fundamental Rights together aim at:
A) Establishing welfare state
B) Establishing monarchy
C) Establishing dictatorship
D) Judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Together they ensure welfare and democracy.
Q73. DPSPs are non‑justiciable, while Fundamental Rights are:
A) Justiciable
B) Non‑justiciable
C) Absolute
D) Judicial remedies only
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: FRs are enforceable by courts.
Q74. DPSPs and Fundamental Rights were described by Granville Austin as:
A) “Conscience of the Constitution”
B) “Twin pillars of Constitution”
C) “Judicial remedies”
D) “Fundamental Duties”
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: FRs and DPSPs are twin pillars.
Q75. Conflict between DPSPs and Fundamental Rights is resolved by:
A) Doctrine of harmonious construction
B) Doctrine of severability
C) Doctrine of eclipse
D) Doctrine of waiver
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Courts harmonize FRs and DPSPs.
Q76. In Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), SC held:
A) FRs prevail over DPSPs in case of conflict
B) DPSPs prevail over FRs
C) Both equal
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: FRs prevailed in early interpretation.
Q77. In Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), SC held:
A) Parliament can amend FRs to implement DPSPs, but not destroy basic structure
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance maintained with basic structure doctrine.
Q78. In Minerva Mills case (1980), SC held:
A) Harmony between FRs and DPSPs is essential
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance between FRs and DPSPs is part of basic structure.
Q79. In Golaknath case (1967), SC held:
A) Parliament cannot amend FRs to implement DPSPs
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Parliament restricted from amending FRs.
Q80. In 25th Amendment (1971), Parliament gave primacy to:
A) DPSPs over FRs in certain cases
B) FRs over DPSPs
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: 25th Amendment gave primacy to DPSPs (Article 31C).
Q81. Article 31C originally gave primacy to:
A) DPSPs under Articles 39(b) and 39(c)
B) All DPSPs
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Primacy to socio‑economic DPSPs.
Q82. 42nd Amendment (1976) extended Article 31C to:
A) All DPSPs
B) Only FRs
C) Only Duties
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Extended primacy to all DPSPs, later struck down.
Q83. Minerva Mills case struck down extension of Article 31C because:
A) It violated basic structure
B) It promoted monarchy
C) It promoted dictatorship
D) It promoted judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance between FRs and DPSPs is basic structure.
Q84. DPSPs and FRs together ensure:
A) Political, social, and economic democracy
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential supremacy
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Together they ensure complete democracy.
Q85. DPSPs without Fundamental Rights would be:
A) Mere moral obligations without enforceability
B) Absolute rights
C) Judicial remedies
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs need FRs for balance.
Q86. DPSPs and Fundamental Duties both aim at:
A) Promoting responsible citizenship and welfare state
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs guide the State, Duties guide citizens.
Q87. DPSPs are obligations of:
A) State
B) Citizens
C) Judiciary
D) President
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs direct the State.
Q88. Fundamental Duties are obligations of:
A) Citizens
B) State
C) Judiciary
D) President
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Duties bind citizens.
Q89. DPSPs and Duties together promote:
A) Harmony between State and citizens
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: They complement each other.
Q90. DPSPs on environment (Art. 48A) connect with Duty:
A) 51A(g) — Protect environment
B) 51A(a) — Respect Constitution
C) 51A(b) — Cherish freedom struggle
D) 51A(c) — Uphold sovereignty
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Both emphasize environment protection.
Q91. DPSPs on education (Art. 45, 41) connect with Duty:
A) 51A(k) — Provide education to children
B) 51A(a) — Respect Constitution
C) 51A(b) — Cherish freedom struggle
D) 51A(c) — Uphold sovereignty
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Both emphasize education.
Q92. DPSPs on promotion of international peace (Art. 51) connect with Duty:
A) 51A(h) — Develop scientific temper
B) 51A(j) — Strive for excellence
C) 51A(a) — Respect Constitution
D) 51A — Promote harmony
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Both emphasize harmony and peace.
Q93. DPSPs on protection of monuments (Art. 49) connect with Duty:
A) 51A(f) — Preserve heritage
B) 51A(g) — Protect environment
C) 51A(h) — Develop scientific temper
D) 51A(i) — Safeguard public property
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Both emphasize heritage preservation.
Q94. DPSPs on safeguarding public health (Art. 47) connect with Duty:
A) 51A(i) — Safeguard public property
B) 51A(g) — Protect environment
C) 51A(a) — Respect Constitution
D) 51A — Promote harmony
✅ Correct: B
Explanation: Both emphasize health and environment.
Q95. DPSPs and Duties together ensure:
A) Balanced responsibility of State and citizens
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs guide State, Duties guide citizens — balance achieved.
Q96. DPSP on free legal aid (Art. 39A) is implemented through:
A) Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
B) Environment Protection Act, 1986
C) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
D) Companies Act, 2013
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Provides statutory basis for free legal aid.
Q97. DPSP on education (Art. 45) is implemented through:
A) Right to Education Act, 2009
B) Environment Protection Act, 1986
C) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
D) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: RTE Act enforces free and compulsory education.
Q98. DPSP on environment (Art. 48A) is implemented through:
A) Environment Protection Act, 1986
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: EPA 1986 enforces environment protection.
Q99. DPSP on nutrition and health (Art. 47) is implemented through:
A) National Food Security Act, 2013
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: NFSA ensures food and nutrition security.
Q100. DPSP on equal pay for equal work (Art. 39) is implemented through:
A) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: ERA enforces equal pay.
Q101. DPSP on humane work conditions (Art. 42) is implemented through:
A) Factories Act, 1948
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Factories Act ensures humane conditions.
Q102. DPSP on workers’ participation (Art. 43A) is implemented through:
A) Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Provides for worker participation.
Q103. DPSP on protection of monuments (Art. 49) is implemented through:
A) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites Act, 1958
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Protects monuments of national importance.
Q104. DPSP on agriculture and animal husbandry (Art. 48) is implemented through:
A) Various agricultural and livestock development policies
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Linked to agricultural reforms.
Q105. DPSP on prohibition of intoxicating drinks (Art. 47) is implemented through:
A) State excise laws
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Prohibition laws in states.
Q106. DPSP on cooperative societies (Art. 43) is implemented through:
A) Cooperative Societies Acts at state level
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: State cooperative laws enforce this.
Q107. DPSP on international peace (Art. 51) is implemented through:
A) India’s participation in UN and treaties
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: India’s foreign policy reflects this.
Q108. DPSP on SC/ST welfare (Art. 46) is implemented through:
A) Reservation policies and welfare schemes
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Reservation and welfare programs.
Q109. DPSP on separation of judiciary (Art. 50) is implemented through:
A) Code of Criminal Procedure reforms
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Separation achieved via CrPC reforms.
Q110. DPSP on living wage (Art. 43) is implemented through:
A) Minimum Wages Act, 1948
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Ensures minimum wage standards.
Q111. DPSP on public assistance (Art. 41) is implemented through:
A) National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: NSAP provides social security.
Q112. DPSP on health and nutrition (Art. 47) is implemented through:
A) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: ICDS ensures nutrition and health.
Q113. DPSP on environment (Art. 48A) is implemented through:
A) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: NGT enforces environment protection.
Q114. DPSP on education (Art. 45) is implemented through:
A) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: SSA promotes universal education.
Q115. DPSP on nutrition (Art. 47) is implemented through:
A) Mid‑Day Meal Scheme
B) Consumer Protection Act, 1986
C) Companies Act, 2013
D) Forest Rights Act, 2006
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Mid‑Day Meal Scheme ensures nutrition for children.
Q116. In Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), SC held:
A) FRs prevail over DPSPs in case of conflict
B) DPSPs prevail over FRs
C) Both equal
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Early ruling gave primacy to Fundamental Rights.
Q117. In Golaknath case (1967), SC held:
A) Parliament cannot amend FRs to implement DPSPs
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Restricted Parliament’s amending power.
Q118. In Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), SC held:
A) Parliament can amend FRs to implement DPSPs but not destroy basic structure
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Introduced basic structure doctrine.
Q119. In 25th Amendment (1971), Article 31C gave primacy to:
A) DPSPs under Articles 39(b) and 39(c)
B) All DPSPs
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Primacy to socio‑economic DPSPs.
Q120. In 42nd Amendment (1976), Article 31C was extended to:
A) All DPSPs
B) Only FRs
C) Only Duties
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Extended primacy to all DPSPs, later struck down.
Q121. In Minerva Mills case (1980), SC held:
A) Harmony between FRs and DPSPs is part of basic structure
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance between FRs and DPSPs is essential.
Q122. In Sanjeev Coke case (1983), SC upheld:
A) Primacy of DPSPs under Article 31C
B) Primacy of FRs
C) Judicial supremacy
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Upheld socio‑economic DPSPs.
Q123. In Unni Krishnan case (1993), SC linked:
A) Right to education with DPSPs
B) Right to property with DPSPs
C) Right to equality with DPSPs
D) Right to freedom with DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Education linked to DPSPs, later made FR.
Q124. In M.C. Mehta case, SC linked:
A) Environment protection with DPSPs
B) Right to equality with DPSPs
C) Right to property with DPSPs
D) Right to freedom with DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Environment protection linked to Art. 48A.
Q125. In Olga Tellis case (1985), SC linked:
A) Right to livelihood with DPSPs
B) Right to property with DPSPs
C) Right to equality with DPSPs
D) Right to freedom with DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Livelihood linked to socio‑economic DPSPs.
Q126. In AIIMS Students Union case, SC linked:
A) Duty to strive for excellence with DPSPs
B) Duty to protect environment with DPSPs
C) Duty to safeguard public property with DPSPs
D) Duty to cherish freedom struggle with DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Excellence linked to DPSPs.
Q127. In State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas (1976), SC held:
A) DPSPs can be used to interpret FRs
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs aid interpretation of FRs.
Q128. In Ashoka Kumar Thakur case (2008), SC linked:
A) Reservation policies with DPSPs
B) Environment protection with DPSPs
C) Right to property with DPSPs
D) Right to freedom with DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Reservation linked to socio‑economic justice.
Q129. In State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, DPSPs were described as:
A) Non‑justiciable guidelines
B) Absolute rights
C) Judicial remedies
D) Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs are non‑justiciable.
Q130. In Minerva Mills case, SC struck down:
A) Extension of Article 31C to all DPSPs
B) FRs
C) Judicial review
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Struck down 42nd Amendment extension.
Q131. In Kesavananda Bharati case, SC upheld:
A) Balance between FRs and DPSPs
B) Primacy of DPSPs
C) Primacy of FRs
D) Judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance is part of basic structure.
Q132. In Unni Krishnan case, SC directed:
A) Free education up to 14 years
B) Prohibition of intoxicating drinks
C) Protection of monuments
D) Separation of judiciary
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Linked to Article 45.
Q133. In M.C. Mehta case, SC directed:
A) Environment protection measures
B) Free education
C) Reservation policies
D) Separation of judiciary
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Linked to Article 48A.
Q134. In Olga Tellis case, SC directed:
A) Protection of livelihood rights
B) Free education
C) Reservation policies
D) Separation of judiciary
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Linked to Article 39.
Q135. In Sanjeev Coke case, SC upheld:
A) Nationalization policies under DPSPs
B) Free education
C) Reservation policies
D) Separation of judiciary
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Linked to socio‑economic justice.
Q136. In Minerva Mills case, SC emphasized:
A) Balance between FRs and DPSPs
B) Primacy of DPSPs
C) Primacy of FRs
D) Judicial supremacy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Balance is basic structure.
Q137. In Kesavananda Bharati case, SC emphasized:
A) Parliament cannot destroy FRs while implementing DPSPs
B) DPSPs prevail absolutely
C) FRs prevail absolutely
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Basic structure doctrine.
Q138. In Champakam Dorairajan case, SC emphasized:
A) FRs prevail over DPSPs
B) DPSPs prevail over FRs
C) Both equal
D) DPSPs enforceable directly
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Early interpretation favored FRs.
Q139. In Unni Krishnan case, SC emphasized:
A) Education is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
B) Property is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
C) Equality is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
D) Freedom is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Education linked to DPSPs.
Q140. In M.C. Mehta case, SC emphasized:
A) Environment protection is linked to DPSPs
B) Property is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
C) Equality is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
D) Freedom is fundamental right linked to DPSPs
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Environment protection linked to DPSPs.
Q141. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They are non‑justiciable
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Non‑justiciability is the main criticism.
Q142. DPSPs were called “pious wishes” by:
A) K.T. Shah
B) Ambedkar
C) Nehru
D) Rajendra Prasad
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Criticized as unenforceable.
Q143. DPSPs were defended by Ambedkar as:
A) Instruments of instruction to legislature
B) Judicial remedies
C) Fundamental Rights
D) Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Ambedkar saw them as guiding principles.
Q144. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They depend on resources and political will
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Implementation depends on resources.
Q145. DPSPs are criticized for being:
A) Vague and ambiguous
B) Absolute rights
C) Judicial remedies
D) Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Wording is often vague.
Q146. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They lack time‑bound implementation
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: No deadlines for enforcement.
Q147. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They sometimes conflict with Fundamental Rights
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: FRs and DPSPs can conflict.
Q148. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are dependent on judiciary for interpretation
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Courts interpret DPSPs indirectly.
Q149. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They are not enforceable by courts
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Non‑enforceability is a major drawback.
Q150. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are subject to political priorities
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Implementation depends on government priorities.
Q151. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They overlap with Fundamental Duties
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Overlap creates redundancy.
Q152. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They lack clear enforcement mechanisms
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: No enforcement mechanism exists.
Q153. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They are too idealistic
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Seen as unrealistic goals.
Q154. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are dependent on economic capacity of State
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Implementation requires resources.
Q155. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They are not prioritized in governance
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Often sidelined in practice.
Q156. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are subject to judicial interpretation only when linked to FRs
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Courts enforce them indirectly.
Q157. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They are not part of basic structure
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Not declared part of basic structure.
Q158. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are aspirational, not mandatory
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Aspirational in nature.
Q159. DPSPs are criticized because:
A) They lack accountability mechanisms
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: No accountability for non‑implementation.
Q160. DPSPs are limited because:
A) They are dependent on legislature for realization
B) They are absolute rights
C) They are judicial remedies
D) They are Fundamental Duties
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Legislature decides implementation.
Q161. DPSPs in India were inspired by:
A) Irish Constitution
B) USA Constitution
C) USSR Constitution
D) UK Constitution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Borrowed from Ireland’s Directive Principles.
Q162. Irish Directive Principles were themselves influenced by:
A) Spanish Constitution
B) USA Constitution
C) USSR Constitution
D) French Constitution
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Spain’s Constitution inspired Ireland.
Q163. DPSPs in India are similar to:
A) Spanish Constitution’s social directives
B) USA Bill of Rights
C) French Declaration of Rights
D) UK Magna Carta
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Spanish model influenced socio‑economic directives.
Q164. South African Constitution includes:
A) Justiciable socio‑economic rights
B) Non‑justiciable DPSPs
C) Fundamental Duties only
D) Judicial supremacy only
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: South Africa makes socio‑economic rights enforceable.
Q165. Irish Directive Principles are:
A) Non‑justiciable like India’s DPSPs
B) Justiciable like FRs
C) Absolute rights
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Non‑justiciable guidelines.
Q166. Spanish Constitution emphasizes:
A) Social and economic rights
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Spain influenced socio‑economic directives.
Q167. South African socio‑economic rights differ from India’s DPSPs because:
A) They are enforceable by courts
B) They are non‑justiciable
C) They are vague
D) They are duties only
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: South Africa makes them enforceable.
Q168. Irish Directive Principles influenced India’s:
A) Part IV (Articles 36–51)
B) Part III (Fundamental Rights)
C) Part V (Union)
D) Part IV‑A (Duties)
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Borrowed into Part IV.
Q169. Spanish Constitution influenced India’s:
A) Socio‑economic directives
B) Judicial review
C) Fundamental Duties
D) Presidential powers
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socio‑economic justice provisions.
Q170. South African Constitution influenced debates on:
A) Making socio‑economic rights enforceable
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: South Africa’s enforceable rights debated in India.
Q171. Irish Directive Principles emphasize:
A) Social justice and welfare
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Similar to India’s DPSPs.
Q172. Spanish Constitution emphasizes:
A) Economic democracy
B) Judicial supremacy
C) Presidential powers
D) Monarchy
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Economic democracy provisions.
Q173. South African Constitution emphasizes:
A) Enforceable socio‑economic rights
B) Non‑justiciable guidelines
C) Judicial supremacy only
D) Fundamental Duties only
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Rights enforceable by courts.
Q174. Comparative study shows India’s DPSPs are:
A) Non‑justiciable unlike South Africa’s enforceable rights
B) Justiciable like South Africa’s rights
C) Absolute rights
D) Judicial remedies
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: India’s DPSPs are non‑justiciable.
Q175. DPSPs in India reflect:
A) Blend of Irish non‑justiciable principles and Spanish socio‑economic directives
B) USA Bill of Rights
C) UK Magna Carta
D) French Revolution ideals
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Blend of Irish and Spanish models.
Q176. Assertion (A): DPSPs are non‑justiciable.
Reason (R): They are only moral guidelines for governance.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs are non‑justiciable but fundamental in governance.
Q177. Assertion (A): DPSPs aim at welfare state.
Reason (R): They direct State to secure social and economic justice.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: DPSPs ensure welfare orientation.
Q178. Assertion (A): DPSPs conflict with Fundamental Rights.
Reason (R): FRs are enforceable, DPSPs are not.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Conflict arises due to enforceability difference.
Q179. Assertion (A): DPSPs are part of basic structure.
Reason (R): Minerva Mills case declared them so.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: Balance of FRs and DPSPs is basic structure, not DPSPs alone.
Q180. Assertion (A): DPSPs are enforceable through ordinary laws.
Reason (R): Parliament enacts laws to give effect to them.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Example: RTE Act, Environment laws.
Q181. Match the following DPSPs with Articles:
1. Free legal aid → (a) Art. 39A
2. Panchayati Raj → (b) Art. 40
3. Uniform civil code → (c) Art. 44
4. Environment protection → (d) Art. 48A
✅ Correct: 1‑a, 2‑b, 3‑c, 4‑d
Q182. Match the following DPSPs with principles:
1. Cottage industries → (a) Gandhian
2. Equal pay for equal work → (b) Socialist
3. International peace → (c) Liberal‑Intellectual
4. Separation of judiciary → (d) Liberal‑Intellectual
✅ Correct: 1‑a, 2‑b, 3‑c, 4‑d
Q183. Assertion (A): DPSPs are vague.
Reason (R): They lack precise definitions.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Criticized for vagueness.
Q184. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote international peace.
Reason (R): Article 51 directs State to respect treaties.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 51 ensures peace.
Q185. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote SC/ST welfare.
Reason (R): Article 46 directs State to promote their interests.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 46 ensures welfare.
Q186. Assertion (A): DPSPs are enforceable by writs.
Reason (R): Courts can issue writs for DPSPs.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: D
Explanation: DPSPs are not enforceable by writs.
Q187. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote cooperative societies.
Reason (R): Article 43 directs State to promote cooperatives.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q188. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote prohibition of intoxicating drinks.
Reason (R): Article 47 directs State to prohibit them.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q189. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote environment protection.
Reason (R): Article 48A directs State to safeguard forests and wildlife.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q190. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote separation of judiciary.
Reason (R): Article 50 directs State to separate judiciary from executive.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q191. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote living wage.
Reason (R): Article 43 directs State to secure living wage.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q192. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote free education.
Reason (R): Article 45 directs State to provide education up to 14 years.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q193. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote equal justice.
Reason (R): Article 39A directs State to provide free legal aid.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q194. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote agriculture modernization.
Reason (R): Article 48 directs State to organize agriculture and animal husbandry.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q195. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote international law respect.
Reason (R): Article 51 directs State to respect treaties.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Liberal‑Intellectual principle.
Q196. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote SC/ST educational interests.
Reason (R): Article 46 directs State to promote their education.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q197. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote health and nutrition.
Reason (R): Article 47 directs State to raise nutrition and health levels.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Gandhian principle.
Q198. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote workers’ participation.
Reason (R): Article 43A directs State to secure worker participation in industries.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Socialist principle.
Q199. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote heritage protection.
Reason (R): Article 49 directs State to protect monuments of national importance.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 49 ensures heritage protection, aligning DPSPs with cultural preservation.
Q200. Assertion (A): DPSPs promote international peace and security.
Reason (R): Article 51 directs State to respect international law and foster relations.
A) Both A and R true, R correct explanation
B) Both A and R true, R not correct explanation
C) A true, R false
D) A false, R true
✅ Correct: A
Explanation: Article 51 emphasizes India’s commitment to peace and cooperation globally.
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