Book Excercise Solved on Economic Geography : Subject Matter and Resource

 Chapter-1 Economic Geography : Subject Matter and Resource

Q1. Define Economic Geography.

Answer:

Economic Geography is a specialized branch of Human Geography that studies human activities related to production, distribution, consumption, and exchange of resources in spatial and temporal contexts. It examines how natural environments (climate, soil, landforms, vegetation, minerals) and man-made environments (infrastructure, technology, institutions) influence economic activities. For example, fertile plains encourage agriculture, coastal areas support fishing and trade, and mineral-rich regions foster industrial development. Economic Geography also highlights interdependence among regions, as no place is self-sufficient. Modern Economic Geography goes beyond description to analyze why activities are located where they are, whether alternative locations would be better, and how development trends evolve. Scholars like George Chisholm emphasized studying development directions, while Jones and Darkenwald focused on productive occupations and trade patterns. Thus, Economic Geography bridges environment and economy, explaining how resources and human activities interact to shape societies.

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Q2. Explain the subject matter of Economic Geography.

Answer:

The subject matter of Economic Geography revolves around understanding the relationship between human economic activities and environmental conditions. It studies how natural factors like climate, soil, water, vegetation, and minerals, along with cultural and technological factors, influence the location and nature of economic activities. Its scope includes examining agriculture, industry, trade, transport, communication, and services. Economic Geography asks five key questions: Where is the activity located? What are its characteristics? To what other phenomena is it related? Why is it located there? Would it be better elsewhere? Traditional Economic Geography focused on location and description, while modern approaches emphasize analysis, problem-solving, and sustainable development. The subject matter also includes specialized branches such as Agricultural Geography, Industrial Geography, Transport Geography, Marketing Geography, and Tourism Geography. Each branch studies specific aspects of human economic activity in detail. Overall, Economic Geography provides insights into how resources are utilized, how economies develop, and how human-environment interactions shape global interdependence.

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Q3. Discuss the scope of Economic Geography.

Answer:

The scope of Economic Geography is vast, covering all aspects of human economic activity in relation to environment. It includes studying the distribution of occupations (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), resource use, industrial location, trade, transport, and services. The discipline addresses five guiding questions, ranging from location and characteristics to reasons and alternatives for economic activity. Traditional scope was descriptive, but modern scope emphasizes analytical approaches, quantitative techniques, GIS, and models. It also incorporates problem-solving and sustainable development. Specialized branches expand the scope further: Agricultural Geography studies farming systems; Industrial Geography examines industries; Transport Geography analyzes movement; Marketing Geography studies markets; Planning and Development Geography focuses on strategies; Tourism Geography explores tourism systems. The scope also includes resource conservation, management, and global interdependence. Thus, Economic Geography is not limited to description but extends to explaining processes, predicting trends, and guiding policies for balanced and sustainable economic development.

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Q4. Name and explain the branches of Economic Geography.

Answer:

Economic Geography has several specialized branches, each focusing on specific economic activities:

1. Agricultural Geography – Studies farming systems, crop distribution, factors influencing agriculture, and trade in agricultural products.

2. Industrial Geography – Examines industrial location, types of industries, production, and marketing of industrial goods.

3. Geography of Resources – Focuses on types, distribution, exploration, production, conservation, and management of resources.

4. Transport Geography – Analyzes transport systems, their role in resource distribution, and contribution to economic development.

5. Marketing Geography – Studies establishment, distribution, and functioning of markets, along with associated theories.

6. Geography of Planning and Development – Deals with planning strategies, sustainable development, and regional resource-based development.

7. Geography of Tourism – Explores tourism growth, types, planning, and development processes.

Each branch contributes to understanding how environment and human activities interact, ensuring comprehensive coverage of economic phenomena. Together, they highlight the diversity of human occupations and the importance of sustainable resource use.

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Q5. What are resources? Explain their importance.

Answer:

Resources are materials essential for human survival and development, derived from nature or created by humans. Examples include air, water, soil, plants, minerals, technology, and institutions. According to Zimmermann, a material becomes a resource only if it has functionality and utility. Resources fulfill basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing, and also enable higher living standards. They are dynamic: neutral stuffs like coal became resources once their utility was discovered, while harmful phenomena like floods can be transformed into resources through technology (e.g., dams for hydropower). Resources are crucial for socio-economic progress, as they form the foundation of agriculture, industry, trade, and services. Human resource, through knowledge and skill, transforms natural materials into usable forms. Wealth and resources differ: wealth has market value, while resources contribute directly to welfare. Thus, resources are vital for sustaining life, driving development, and shaping civilizations.

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Q6. Classify resources with examples.

Answer:

Resources can be classified in multiple ways:

1. Based on origin: Natural (air, water, soil, minerals), Man-made (roads, houses, industries), Human (population, skills).

2. Based on structure: Biotic (plants, animals, crops), Abiotic (soil, rock, minerals).

3. Based on availability: Renewable (sunlight, air, water, crops, animals), Non-renewable (coal, petroleum, minerals).

4. Based on ownership: Individual (land, household property), National (transport networks, forests, wildlife sanctuaries), International (oceans, atmosphere).

5. Based on distribution: Ubiquitous (air, sunlight), Localized (coal, petroleum, uranium).

Examples: Plants are natural, biotic, renewable, and can be individual/national resources. Gold is natural, abiotic, non-renewable, and national/international. This overlapping classification shows the complexity of resource categorization. Such classification helps in understanding resource use, management, and conservation strategies.

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Q7. Distinguish between wealth and resources.

Answer:

Resources are materials that have functionality and utility, contributing to human welfare and development. Wealth, in economics, refers to materials with exchange value and market price. For example, land, houses, machinery, and company shares are wealth because they can be bought and sold. Sunshine, air, water, education, and good governance are resources but not wealth, as they cannot be exchanged or priced. All wealth is resource, but not all resources are wealth. Wealth may sometimes be harmful, like poison or chemical pesticides, which have market value but damage human health. Resources, on the other hand, are always beneficial, as they sustain life and promote welfare. Thus, while wealth emphasizes scarcity and exchange, resources emphasize utility and welfare. Understanding this distinction is important for economic planning, as overemphasis on wealth may harm society, whereas resource-based development ensures sustainability.

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Q8. Explain Neutral Stuff and Resistance with examples.

Answer:

Neutral Stuff refers to materials that are not useful to humans at present but may become resources in the future with technological advancement. For example, coal and mineral oil were once neutral stuffs until their use in energy generation was discovered. Resistance refers to materials or phenomena harmful to humans. Examples include infertile soil, flood-prone regions, or natural hazards. However, resistances can be transformed into resources through human effort. For instance, the Damodar River was once a resistance due to floods, but construction of dams converted it into a resource for irrigation and hydropower. Both concepts highlight the dynamic nature of resources. Neutral stuffs may become valuable, and resistances may be mitigated or transformed. This shows that human knowledge, technology, and innovation play a crucial role in resource creation and utilization.

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Q9. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.

Answer:

Renewable resources are those that regenerate naturally and do not get exhausted with use, such as sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, and crops. They are inexhaustible if used sustainably. However, overexploitation may cause extinction of certain species. Non-renewable resources are finite and exhaustible, such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and minerals like copper, gold, and iron. Once used, they cannot be regenerated within human timescales. Their depletion poses serious challenges for future generations. For example, fossil fuels are being rapidly consumed, leading to energy crises and environmental problems. Renewable resources are environmentally friendly, while non-renewables often cause pollution. Conservation strategies emphasize reducing dependence on non-renewables and promoting renewable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro energy. Thus, the distinction lies in durability and regeneration capacity, making renewable resources more sustainable for long-term development.

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Q10. Explain biotic and abiotic resources with examples.

Answer:

Biotic resources are living components of nature, such as plants, animals, fish, and crops. They provide food, raw materials, and ecological balance. Abiotic resources are non-living components, such as soil, rock, water, air, and minerals. They form the foundation of ecosystems and industrial processes. Interestingly, some abiotic resources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are of biotic origin but are classified as abiotic due to their non-living character today. Examples: Crops and livestock are biotic resources; minerals like iron and gold are abiotic. Both categories are essential for human survival and development. Biotic resources sustain life directly, while abiotic resources provide energy, construction materials, and industrial inputs. Understanding this classification helps in resource management, conservation, and sustainable use, as both categories are interdependent in ecological and economic.

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Q11. Explain individual, national and international resources with examples.

Answer:

Resources can be classified based on ownership into three categories: individual, national, and international. Individual resources are those owned and controlled by private persons. Examples include land owned by a farmer, household property, or personal attributes like education and skill. These resources are used for personal welfare and livelihood. National resources are those under the control of a country’s government. Examples include transport networks, rivers, forests, wildlife sanctuaries, educational institutions, and administrative systems. They are managed for the collective welfare of the nation. International resources are those that belong to the entire world and are managed globally. Examples include oceans, seas, atmosphere, and their mineral and biotic resources. These resources are regulated by international organizations like the United Nations to ensure equitable use. For instance, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) oversees conservation of global biodiversity. This classification highlights the scale of ownership and responsibility, showing how resources are managed at personal, national, and global levels. It also emphasizes the need for cooperation among individuals, nations, and the world community to ensure sustainable use of resources.

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Q12. Distinguish between ubiquitous and localized resources with examples.

Answer:

Ubiquitous resources are those found everywhere on Earth, while localized resources are found only in specific regions. Ubiquitous resources include air, sunlight, and water, which are universally available and essential for life. Their abundance makes them accessible to all, though quality may vary. Localized resources, on the other hand, are unevenly distributed and concentrated in certain areas. Examples include coal, petroleum, iron ore, uranium, and specific vegetation types. For instance, petroleum is localized in the Middle East, while coal reserves are concentrated in regions like Jharkhand in India. This distinction is important for economic geography because localized resources often determine industrial development and trade patterns. Regions rich in localized resources become centers of mining and industry, while ubiquitous resources form the basic foundation of life everywhere. Understanding this difference helps in planning resource use, trade, and conservation strategies, ensuring balanced development across regions.

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Q13. Why is conservation of resources necessary?

Answer:

Conservation of resources is essential because many natural resources are finite and exhaustible. Rapid population growth, industrialization, and modern lifestyles have increased demand, leading to depletion of non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, and minerals. If not conserved, future generations will face scarcity and environmental crises. Conservation ensures sustainable use, maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. For example, deforestation leads to habitat loss and extinction of species, while overuse of fossil fuels causes pollution and climate change. Conservation also prevents wastage and misuse, ensuring long-term availability. It is not about preserving resources without use, but about rational and efficient utilization. Methods include promoting renewable alternatives (solar, wind, hydro), recycling materials, protecting biodiversity through sanctuaries, and adopting soil and water conservation practices. International organizations like IUCN and national bodies like the Ministry of Environment in India emphasize conservation. Thus, conservation is necessary for sustaining human civilization, protecting the environment, and ensuring equitable resource distribution.

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Q14. Explain methods of resource conservation.

Answer:

Resource conservation involves strategies to ensure sustainable use of natural and man-made resources. Key methods include: (1) Search for alternative resources — using substitutes like synthetic fibre instead of cotton, synthetic rubber instead of natural rubber, and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro instead of fossil fuels. (2) Recycling — reusing disposed materials like paper, plastic, iron scraps, and polythene bags to reduce raw material consumption. (3) Rational use — utilizing resources efficiently without wastage, such as practicing crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. (4) Biodiversity conservation — protecting endangered species through wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and afforestation. (5) Pollution control — reducing use of harmful chemicals, pesticides, and industrial emissions to protect air, water, and soil. (6) Awareness and education — celebrating World Environment Day and promoting environmental consciousness among people. These methods ensure that resources remain available for future generations while minimizing environmental damage. Conservation is thus a collective responsibility requiring cooperation at individual, national, and international levels.

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Q15. Name international organizations working for conservation of resources.

Answer:

Several international organizations work for conservation of resources and environment. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formed in 1948, is a leading body that conducts research and promotes conservation globally. It initiated the establishment of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), which focuses on protecting endangered species and ecosystems. The World Conservation Monitoring Centre also works on biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies. UNESCO supports environmental education and awareness. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates global efforts for sustainable development and climate action. These organizations collaborate with national governments and NGOs to implement conservation projects, formulate policies, and raise awareness. Their efforts include protecting biodiversity, promoting renewable energy, reducing pollution, and ensuring sustainable resource use. By working at a global scale, these organizations highlight the importance of international cooperation in addressing environmental challenges that transcend national boundaries.

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Q16. Name national organizations working for conservation of resources.

Answer:

In India, several national organizations are dedicated to conservation of resources and environment. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change is the central authority responsible for policy-making, regulation, and implementation of conservation programs. Under this ministry, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), established in 1986, conducts research and promotes sustainable forestry practices. Non-governmental organizations also play a vital role. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) works on environmental awareness, pollution control, and sustainable development. Greenpeace India campaigns against deforestation and climate change. The Wildlife Trust of India focuses on protecting endangered species and habitats. These organizations collaborate with international bodies and local communities to implement conservation strategies. Their activities include afforestation, biodiversity protection, pollution control, and promoting renewable energy. Together, they form a strong network ensuring conservation at national and regional levels, contributing to India’s sustainable development goals.

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Q17. Name regional organizations working for conservation of resources.

Answer:

In Assam and the northeastern region of India, several regional organizations actively work for conservation of resources and biodiversity. The Assam Science Society promotes environmental awareness, scientific research, and conservation education. Aaranyak is a prominent NGO focusing on biodiversity conservation, wildlife protection, and community-based resource management. It conducts research on endangered species like the Hoolock Gibbon, River Dolphin, and Greater Adjutant Stork, and works with local communities to reduce human-wildlife conflict. These organizations also engage in afforestation, habitat restoration, and awareness campaigns. Their efforts complement national and international initiatives, ensuring that conservation strategies are adapted to local contexts. By involving local communities, they promote sustainable resource use and protect unique biodiversity of Assam. Regional organizations thus play a crucial role in bridging global conservation goals with grassroots action, ensuring effective protection of resources and environment at the local level.

Q18. Short Notes

Q18 (a) Write a short note on Resource Conservation.

Answer:

Resource conservation refers to the rational and sustainable use of natural and man‑made resources so that they remain available for present and future generations. It does not mean preserving resources without use, but rather using them efficiently without wastage. Conservation is particularly important for non‑renewable resources like coal, petroleum, and minerals, which are finite and exhaustible. Methods include searching for alternative resources such as solar, wind, and hydro power, recycling materials like paper and plastics, and adopting rational practices in agriculture and industry. Conservation also involves protecting biodiversity through sanctuaries, afforestation, and pollution control. International organizations like IUCN and WWF, along with national bodies such as the Ministry of Environment in India, play a vital role in promoting conservation. Ultimately, conservation ensures ecological balance, prevents resource depletion, and supports sustainable development.

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Q18 (b) Write a short note on Alternative Resources.

Answer:

Alternative resources are substitutes developed to reduce dependence on scarce or non‑renewable resources. They are often created through scientific innovation and technology. Examples include synthetic fibre replacing cotton, synthetic rubber replacing natural rubber, and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biogas replacing fossil fuels. The search for alternatives is crucial because traditional resources are limited and their overuse causes environmental problems such as pollution and climate change. Alternative resources are generally more sustainable, eco‑friendly, and cost‑effective in the long run. For instance, solar energy is inexhaustible and reduces reliance on coal and petroleum. Similarly, biogas from organic waste provides clean energy while managing waste. Promoting alternative resources ensures continuity of development, reduces environmental stress, and supports global efforts toward sustainability.

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Q18 (c) Write a short note on Recycling.

Answer:

Recycling is the process of reusing disposed materials to reduce the consumption of raw resources. It plays a vital role in conservation by minimizing waste and extending the life of limited resources. Common recyclable materials include paper, plastic bottles, polythene bags, iron scraps, and glass. Recycling reduces environmental pollution, saves energy, and lowers production costs. For example, recycling paper decreases deforestation, while recycling metals reduces mining activities. It also helps manage urban waste effectively, preventing land and water pollution. Recycling is both an economic and environmental necessity in modern society. Governments, NGOs, and individuals must promote recycling practices through awareness campaigns, proper waste segregation, and recycling industries. By adopting recycling, societies can ensure sustainable resource use, protect ecosystems, and support cleaner environments.

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Q18 (d) Write a short note on Biodiversity Conservation.

Answer:

Biodiversity conservation refers to protecting the variety of plant and animal species to maintain ecological balance. It is essential because deforestation, habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation have endangered many species. In Assam, rare plants like Sarpagandha, Chalmugra, and Kalmegh, and animals such as Golden Langur, Hoolock Gibbon, Pigmy Hog, and River Dolphin face extinction. Conservation methods include establishing wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, afforestation, and community‑based resource management. Organizations like Aaranyak and Assam Science Society, along with international bodies like WWF and IUCN, actively work to protect biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation ensures survival of species, maintains ecological services like pollination and soil fertility, and supports cultural and economic values. Protecting biodiversity is vital for sustainable development and for preserving the natural heritage of future generations.

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Q18 (e) Write a short note on Soil Conservation.

Answer:

Soil conservation refers to the protection and sustainable management of soil to maintain its fertility and productivity. Soil is a vital natural resource, supporting agriculture and ecosystems. However, overuse of chemical fertilizers, deforestation, overgrazing, and erosion degrade soil quality. Conservation methods include crop rotation, contour ploughing, terracing, afforestation, and rational use of fertilizers. For example, contour ploughing prevents erosion on slopes, while crop rotation maintains nutrient balance. Organic farming and use of bio‑fertilizers also improve soil health. Soil conservation ensures long‑term agricultural productivity, prevents desertification, and maintains ecological balance. It is essential for food security and sustainable development, as soil degradation directly affects human survival.

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Q18 (f) Write a short note on Fish Resource Conservation.

Answer:

Fish resource conservation involves protecting fish populations and aquatic ecosystems to ensure sustainable use. Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction have led to declining fish stocks worldwide. Conservation methods include controlled fishing, seasonal bans, breeding programs, and establishment of fish sanctuaries. Aquaculture, or fish farming, is promoted to reduce pressure on natural stocks. Pollution control in rivers, lakes, and oceans is also vital. In Assam, rivers like the Brahmaputra support diverse fish species, but overexploitation has reduced availability. Conservation ensures food security, livelihoods for fishing communities, and ecological balance in aquatic systems. Sustainable fish resource management is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and supporting economic development.

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Q18 (g) Write a short note on Energy Resource Conservation.

Answer:

Energy resource conservation focuses on reducing dependence on non‑renewable sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are finite and polluting. Conservation involves promoting renewable alternatives such as solar, wind, hydro, and biogas. Rational use of energy, improving efficiency in industries and households, and adopting energy‑saving technologies are key strategies. Recycling and use of alternative materials also reduce energy demand. For example, switching to LED lights and electric vehicles lowers fossil fuel consumption. Conservation of energy resources is essential to combat climate change, reduce pollution, and ensure long‑term energy security. It supports sustainable development and protects the environment for future generations.

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Q18 (h) Write a short note on Role of NGOs in Resource Conservation.

Answer:

Non‑Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in resource conservation by raising awareness, conducting research, and implementing grassroots projects. They complement government and international efforts by working directly with communities. In India, NGOs like Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Greenpeace India, and Wildlife Trust of India focus on pollution control, biodiversity protection, and climate action. In Assam, Aaranyak and Assam Science Society promote conservation of endangered species and habitats. NGOs organize campaigns, workshops, and educational programs to encourage sustainable practices. They also advocate for policy changes and monitor environmental issues. Their role is crucial in bridging scientific knowledge with community action, ensuring effective conservation of resources and environment.

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Q19 (Differences)

Q19 (a) Difference between Resource and Wealth

1. Definition: Resources have functionality and utility for human welfare; Wealth has exchange value and market price.

2. Transferability: Resources may not be transferable (e.g., air, sunlight); Wealth is transferable (e.g., land, shares).

3. Abundance: Many resources can be abundant (air, water); Wealth is relatively scarce and limited.

4. Impact: Resources are beneficial to welfare; Wealth can be harmful (e.g., poison, pesticides) despite market value.

5. Scope: Resources include natural, man-made, and human; Wealth includes assets, property, and monetary value.

Q19 (b) Difference between Economic Geography and Resource Geography

1. Focus: Economic Geography studies all economic activities (production, distribution, exchange); Resource Geography focuses on resources specifically.

2. Scope: Economic Geography includes occupations, industries, markets, transport; Resource Geography includes types, distribution, exploitation, conservation.

3. Questions: Economic Geography asks location, characteristics, relationships, reasons; Resource Geography asks availability, quality, management.

4. Breadth: Economic Geography is broader and multi-branch; Resource Geography is a specialized sub-branch.

5. Goal: Economic Geography analyzes development trends; Resource Geography links resources to development and sustainability.

Q19 (c) Difference between Resource and Neutral Stuff

1. Utility: Resources have discovered utility and functionality; Neutral Stuff has no current recognized use.

2. Dynamism: Resources are actively used; Neutral Stuff may become a resource with new knowledge/technology.

3. Examples: Resources—coal (after discovery), water, soil; Neutral Stuff—coal and mineral oil before energy use was known.

4. Human role: Resources result from human knowledge/application; Neutral Stuff awaits discovery of use.

5. Time factor: Resources are contextual to time and place; Neutral Stuff can transform into resources over time.

Q19 (d) Difference between Biotic and Abiotic Resource

1. Life: Biotic resources are living (plants, animals, fish); Abiotic resources are non-living (soil, water, minerals).

2. Origin: Biotic are organic; Abiotic are inorganic (though coal, oil, gas are biotic-origin but treated abiotic today).

3. Use: Biotic provide food, fiber, ecological services; Abiotic provide energy, construction, industrial inputs.

4. Renewal: Biotic often renewable with proper management; Abiotic can be renewable (water, air) or non-renewable (minerals).

5. Examples: Biotic—crops, livestock; Abiotic—iron, gold, rock, air.

Q19 (e) Difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resource

1. Regeneration: Renewable regenerate naturally (sunlight, air, water, plants); Non-renewable exhaust after use (coal, petroleum).

2. Availability: Renewable are inexhaustible if managed; Non-renewable are finite and limited.

3. Environmental impact: Renewable are cleaner; Non-renewable often cause pollution.

4. Time scale: Renewable replenish on short timescales; Non-renewable form over geological timescales.

5. Examples: Renewable—solar, wind, hydro, crops; Non-renewable—gold, copper, natural gas.

Q19 (f) Difference between Personal (Individual) Resource and National Resource

1. Ownership: Personal is privately owned (land, house); National is state-owned/public (forests, rivers, highways).

2. Beneficiaries: Personal serves individual welfare; National serves public welfare.

3. Scale: Personal is limited and local; National is vast and nationwide.

4. Control: Personal managed by owner; National managed by government institutions and laws.

5. Examples: Personal—farmer’s field; National—Kaziranga National Park, transport networks.

Q19 (g) Difference between Man-made Resource and Human Resource

1. Nature: Man-made are physical outputs (roads, industries); Human resource is the population’s skills, knowledge, health.

2. Origin: Man-made created using technology and materials; Human resource developed through education, training, healthcare.

3. Role: Man-made aids production and services; Human resource drives creation, management, and innovation.

4. Dependence: Man-made depends on human resource to exist; Human resource can function without specific man-made assets.

5. Examples: Man-made—schools, machines; Human—educated workforce, skilled technicians.

Q19 (h) Difference between Recycling of Resource and Innovation

1. Process: Recycling reuses waste materials (paper, plastic, iron scraps); Innovation develops new methods/products/resources.

2. Goal: Recycling reduces raw material use and waste; Innovation increases efficiency, creates alternatives and new utilities.

3. Impact: Recycling conserves existing resources; Innovation can transform neutral stuff/resistances into resources.

4. Examples: Recycling—polythene bags, bottles; Innovation—synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber, organic fertilizers.

5. Time horizon: Recycling provides immediate conservation benefits; Innovation provides long-term systemic improvements.

Q20. Choose the correct answer 

(a) Which of the following is man-made resource?

(1) Rivers

(2) Mineral Oil

(3) Irrigation Canal ✅

(4) Forest

(b) Which one of the following is abiotic resource?

(1) Air ✅

(2) Plants

(3) Animals

(4) Fungus

(c) Which one of the following is non-renewable resource?

(1) Air

(2) Water

(3) Crops

(4) Coal ✅

(d) Which one of the following animals is about to be extinct?

(1) One-horned Rhino

(2) Pygmy Hog ✅

(3) Giraffe

(4) Gayal (Mithun)

(e) The organization IUCN is under which of the following organizations?

(1) UNESCO

(2) UNO ✅

(3) WWF

(4) UNEP